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Conception sl Origin of Mankind 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: 



A Refutation of the Darwinian 

Conception of the Origin 

of Mankind 



By JOHN C. STALLCUP 



Tacoma, Washington 

Allen & Lamborn Printing Company 

1905 



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LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

DEC 2 1905 

Copyright Entry 

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CLASS A XXC. No 
COP 



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Entered according to An Act of Congress, in the year 1905, by 
JOHN C. STALLCUP 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
Washington, D. C. 



PREFACE. 



While the views stated herein touching warm atmos- 
phere and life at the poles of the earth, intelligence in 
or by way of the sun, and life Eternal in the intelligence 
of mankind, seem to be within the scope of the subject 
under discussion, yet they are not deemed essential to, nor 
are they relied upon in the showing that the Darwinian 
Conception is a false conception; and what is said touch- 
ing the same need not be counted in the proof on that 
subject; the facts disclosed in the geological record being, 
as I think, sufficient and conclusive thereon. 

The apparently irregular way the questions herein and 
the evidence touching the same have been presented, by 
dropping the same and taking them up again— presenting 
them in " broken doses," in a manner should, I presume, 
have a word of explanation. 

This way is believed to be the better way in cases 
where we have to dig for the truth in regions new and 
but little explored. I have often noticed in the hearing 
of intricate cases in court, when the introduction of evi- 
dence and the discussion of the propositions involved 
have been in progress in like manner in a way apparently 
confused for some time, a fact would bob up giving forth 
much light and thereby making the way to a correct deci- 
sion perfectly clear; and which would have been entirely 
lost to view but for the heightened perception and acquaint- 



ance with the facts and factors involved, which had been 
gradually produced by the tedious and "broken dose" 
way the hearing had proceeded. 

Where many facts, more or less hidden from view and 
confused, are involved, it is, I think, the better way to 
proceed in presenting them; because it is unwise, if not 
impossible, to bolt them down in one gulp. 

And for the purpose of avoiding confusion in this 
respect as much as possible, the matter herein is divided 
into paragraphs separately distinguished by number. 

Some expressions and views set forth herein may ap- 
pear to be out of accord with the true conception of the 
Christian religion. I think, however, that upon reflection 
the same will be found to be more imaginary than real. 

This publication is limited to 200 copies, which I am 
having printed and bound in book form for distribution 
among my personal acquaintances, the public libraries, the 
priests, preachers, and scientists. 

JOHN C. STALLCUP. 



Tacoma, State of Washington, 
U. S. A., 
July 31, 1905. 



A REFUTATION 

OF THE 

Darwinian Conception of tne 
Origin of Mankind 



1. The Darwinian Conception of the Origin of Man- 
kind, supported and maintained by Tyndal, Huxley, Spen- 
cer, Haeckel and others, has, I think, produced incalcu- 
lable confusion and disaster, supplanted better anchorages, 
and done much to set us adrift on a sea of error. 

2. The Conception reached its greatest force and ac- 
ceptance about twenty years ago, since which time it is 
believed to be losing the footing it had gained. It was 
enthusiastically embraced and advocated by many of the 
German thinkers and others who were bitterly hostile to 
the Roman Catholic Church, presumably largely because 
of the historical accounts of the bloody deeds of that 
church during the recent centuries, and doubtless believ- 
ing that by the establishment of the Darwinian Concep- 
tion, that church, its force and faith would be entirely 
overthrown. 

3. The Roman Catholic Church, however, remained 
unconcerned and unaffected by the propagation and wide 
acceptance of the conception, while the Protestant theo- 
logical seminaries and many of the Protestant clergy ac- 



10 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

cepted the same as an assumption of advanced learning, 
and vainly attempted to blend it with their faith and 
preaching. As a result of this and other kindred causes it 
is believed that the Protestant churches have declined much 
in force and faith, while the Catholic Church has gained 
much therein. 

4. Taking the universe as a whole thing, a unit, with 
everything in it as a part thereof, it follows that to fully 
and accurately understand any part of it, one must have 
some general conception of the whole— and must have 
such conception by the force of the light of that portion 
within his vision. 

5. While the intellect of mankind is too meagre for 
such comprehension to any great extent, yet there are now 
and have been men of intelligence sufficient to thus cast a 
light far beyond our immediate environment. 

6. The great Cuvier was endowed with an intelligence 
most remarkable in this respect. His was the first, if not 
the only mind, that could with one fossilized bone of an 
extinct species of the animal creation, supply and erect the 
remainder of the whole frame as it was in its day of life 
on the earth. 

7. In like manner, I think we may read the record 
and trace the truth touching our presence and coming here 
on the earth and plainly see that the Darwinian Concep- 
tion thereof is entirely erroneous. 

8. Before there can be a satisfactory understanding 
or interpretation of the facts found in the geological record 
in the earth's crust, geology itself must be established upon 
some basis. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 11 

At present it is incomplete, is without basic principles 
recognized and understood; is in no sense an established 
comprehensive science. 

Many geological facts have been gathered; enough, I 
think, by which we may find the basic truths of geology 
upon which a comprehensive view may be had. 

To this end I present some facts for consideration. 
The following comprise some of those which have been 
found and accepted by geologists: 

I. 

That there have been different periods upon the earth, 
each of an order of rocks and life peculiar thereto, and 
that the said rocks and debris thereof contain the fossil 
remains of the things of life of that period of the earth's 
existence. 

II. 

That the earth has always contained within its crust 
a molten material of intense heat. 

III. 

That the different mountain ranges of the earth were 
not projected and formed at the same time, but at differ- 
ent times and with long periods of time intervening. 

IV. 

That the mountain ranges of the earth constitute ele« 
vated rims on the sides of the continents, or were so situ- 
ated when made. 

V. 

That mountain ranges, as to their magnitude, were, 
when made, in a manner commensurate with the magnitude 



12 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

of the ocean upon which they bordered, that is to say, the 
larger the ocean the larger the mountains facing the 
same. 

VI. 
The mountain ranges are produced by a side pressure 
force from the ocean side thereof, together with an uplift 
force from underneath, elevating, breaking and crushing 
the earth's crust upon a large scale, generally running 
northerly and southerly at- the > ocean's edge of the conti- 
nents and accompanied with the action of intense heat and 
water, that is to say, the evidence of such force is present 
in all mountain ranges. 

VII. 

That at times during former periods a warm and 
genial climate prevailed all over the now temperate and 
far into the frigid zones of the earth, causing tropical prod- 
ucts to grow where ice now prevails the year round. 

VIII. 

That at other times during the earth's existence nearly 
all the earth, from the poles toward the equator to the 
sun's path, was covered with an immense body of snow and 
ice; these periods being now referred to as the glacial 
period or periods. 

IX. 

That all round the earth, near to and towards, if not 
at the poles, there is a massive deposit of ice which seems 
permanently established there, and capable of resisting all 
efforts of the sun's heat toward its removal; the supplies 
thereto apparently being equal to the wastes thereof. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 13 

X. 

That the cold of this region, and the heat of the 
tropics, produce the main air currents, and ocean currents, 
which now distribute the heat and cold upon the earth. 

9. Many attempts have been made to account for and 
harmonize these and other remarkable facts found in this 
geological record, all of which have been more or less un- 
satisfactory and unacceptable; the attempt here made to 
that end is based upon a proper recognition of the results 
necessarily produced by the upheavals which produced the 
mountains of the earth, together with other self-evident 
facts, viz. : that there was a time since the Archaean period 
when these deposits of ice and cold, constituting the two 
frigid rims or bowls of ice at the poles of the earth, were 
not in existence at all— that they necessarily got there 
through moisture in the atmosphere— that on the earth's 
path an immense quantity of heat is produced by the sun 
on the earth— that when these deposits of ice were not 
upon the earth this heat was distributed differently from 
what it now is. 

10. I will here explain what I mean by "frigid rims 
or bowls. " I am inclined to think they are rims and not 
bowls, for the reasons following. At Denver, in Colorado, 
the "Chinook" wind is always from the west. This wind 
there invariably carries heat. I have observed there that 
on the same morning we would read from the morning 
papers that at Salida and other summit points the mer- 
cury was down to 30 below zero; that following and on 
the same day the "Chinook" would be upon us at Denver, 
having come across the mountains and over this intense 
cold. From these observations I concluded that the cur- 



14 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

rent of air carrying the heat was quite high above the 
mountain summit; that the intense cold there came some- 
what in contact with it and, thus cooling it, caused it to 
drop to the surface, and at Denver, less than 100 miles 
from the summit; that this current must have had much 
more heat in it before it thus fell to the earth, notwith- 
standing the fact that it then had heat enough always to 
melt away the snow like a breath from a hot furnace. 

From this I concluded that all currents of air from 
the equator poleward that reach the ice around the poles, 
are by that ice brought down to the earth's surface, hence 
would fall at the poles, and thaw away the ice there and 
produce vegetation there. Upon reflection, too, it will be 
seen that there can be no counter current by which this 
heat could be carried back again. It will be noticed that 
the most of the sun's path (Torrid zone) is covered by 
the oceans of the earth. And it will be remembered in 
this connection, that by the laws controlling the elements 
there, that the water of the oceans there, the vapor rising 
therefrom, as well as the atmosphere charged with the 
vapor, all rise by force of the heat there, and roll over 
poleward. That the greater the heat there, the greater the 
rise of the vapor and the air charged therewith. And 
that it is by the cold encountered by this air and vapor on 
the way poleward that the same are brought down to the 
earth again. 

11. I think it is evident that the earth has met with 
several catastrophes; that in each of the same, certainly 
in the last one, all the living things then on the earth were 
destroyed; that by such catastrophes it is that we have 
marked the several geological periods of rocks and life 



of the Origin of Mankind. 15 

upon the earth; that after each catastrophe, life upon the 
earth was again reinstated by contact of the sun's heat 
with the then dense vapor enveloping the earth, impreg- 
nated with the elements of the ocean's water and the 
earth's internal elements, and that these catastrophes were 
produced by upheavals of the earth's crust, resulting in 
mountain-making. 

12. The glacials were produced by heat, water and 
cold, and, I think, in comparatively rapid succession, 
evidenced by many facts, notably, the hairy elephants 
found preserved intact in the ice of Siberia from the 
last catastrophe, as well as the remains of tropical animals 
found in all the present frigid zones of the earth. 

The action of heat and water and the earth's chemical 
ingredients on the ocean's edge in mountain-making, crack- 
ing, crushing, heaving and boiling a great portion of the 
earth's crust and ocean water like a pot of mush, erup- 
tion upon eruption for quite a length of time, converted 
to steam a vast portion of the water of the oceans as it 
came in contact with the endless heat from beneath the 
earth's crust caused by the upheaval breaks thereof; thus, 
the endless water of the oceans came in contact with the 
endless heat within the earth; thus the boiling water as- 
cended in steam, producing a dense, moist atmosphere en- 
veloping the entire earth, dense, warm and deep, leaving 
the earth enveloped in dense cloud, and a sunless, moon- 
less, starless night of black darkness. 

13. In time the steam descended upon the earth in 
awful rain, until it turned to snow and ice, thus produc- 
ing the ice of the glacial period. The sun's heat being 
thus upon this dense state of the earth's atmosphere, and 



16 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the intense heat of the earth's surface being suppressed by 
the ocean water and rain; in time the cold commenced to 
set in and the moisture of the atmosphere began to fall 
and congeal. 

During which time, however, the force and effect of 
the sun upon the things upon the earth's surface were 
entirely cut off. 

It will be noticed that in such contact of such heat 
and water and chemicals, and such elevation of the ocean 
bottom, that thereby the water of the oceans would neces- 
sarily recede or roll back with great force, and would 
come again in waves of incalculable height and force, 
dashing against and on the newly-formed mountain ranges, 
producing the side pressure— the evidence of which is 
found in all mountain ranges. 

14. The change from the moist, heated state to the 
cold, glacial state was as follows : The cooling of this moist 
atmosphere first occurred at the greatest distance from 
the equator and from the place of the upheavals; and the 
falling and freezing of the moisture there first commenced, 
and the cold then rapidly intensified, and then advanced 
toward the equator. 

15. After the fall of this great quantity of moisture, 
much of it being in the form of ice, upon the earth on 
both sides of the sun's pathway, then the dense state of 
the atmosphere was dissipated and the sun again shone up- 
on the earth— that portion covered with ice as well as that 
part not so covered; then the thaw and the glacial move- 
ments commenced and progressed with the work of ridding 
the earth of this pall of ice ; but such work in time reached 
its limit, leaving that "rim or bowl" of ice around each 



of the Origin of Mankind. 17 

of the poles, and thereby leaving portions of the earth be- 
reft of the genial climate which, prior to permanent polar 
ice, prevailed all over the now frigid zones of the earth. 

16. Before these catastrophes laid down more snow 
and ice than the sun could afterward melt, the cheerful 
rays of the sun and the unobstructed heat from the equa- 
tor, and the flow of the warm water of the oceans at the 
equator, gave warmth to every zone, but since the deposit 
of this ice around the poles and its permanent establish- 
ment there, the warm climes have receded toward the equa- 
tor, and the air currents of the earth, and the water cur- 
rents of the ocean, in the main are caused by and subject 
to the cold of this ice and the heat of the sun's path at 
the equator. 

17. By the evaporation caused by such an upheaval 
the size and weight of the oceans were greatly decreased, 
but by the thaw the water again returned to the oceans, 
where it is again pressing toward the distant center of 
gravity, and the weakening of the earth's crust proceeds 
(by fusing, and by penetration of vapor from beneath) 
at the place where the new mountains and the ocean join. 
So are the mountain-making forces constantly in action, 
and are now pressing to another catastrophe unless the 
earth's crust is now grown thick enough to resist the forces 
to which it has heretofore yielded. By looking upon the 
map and observing the mountains on the western side of 
the American continents, it will be seen that the earth's 
crust at the ocean's edge must have been weakened there 
by the breaks and cracks by the upheaval process there at 
the time thereof, by fractures on the underside thereof, 
and by fusing, by reason of its being depressed in to the 



18 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

molten heat underlying the earth's crust there; whether 
for these reasons or for others, it is conceded by the geol- 
ogists that the weakest place on the earth's crust must al- 
ways be along the ocean edges. 

18. The great scope of the Pacific extends away off 
westward and presses its great weight towards the distant 
center of the earth, thus producing the pressure which 
with the uplift forces hereinafter referred to have hereto- 
fore and again will probably break the crust of the earth 
at the weak place indicated, producing another upheaval, 
proportioned in a measure in magnitude to the size and 
weight of the ocean there. 

19. It must be remembered that in the upheavals 
which produced the mountain ranges upon the west side 
of the American continents there was involved in the 
erupted portions of the earth's crust hundreds of miles in 
width, by thousands in length; and it would seem evident 
therefrom that all living things on the earth would perish 
in such eruptions, convulsions and upheavals. 

20. It will be seen that the water of the ocean 
(unlike the other matter of the earth's composition) consti- 
tutes a distinct and segregated element, and of a weight 
proportionately nearly equal to that of the materials of 
the earth's crust, of incalculable magnitude, restless and 
surging; so it is evident that the weak places in the earth's 
crust supporting this great weight of water must be af- 
fected thereby and finally yield thereto, especially when a 
corresponding pressure is going on upon the opposite side 
of the earth 's surface, so that we have much the same result 
as we would in pressing a ripe peach, viz. : a rupture of 
the skin at the weak place and a protrusion there, A map 



of the Origin of Mankind. 19 

of the American continents with their mountain ranges 
and the oceans on each side constitute a diagram of this 
view in so far as the forces operating upon the surface 
are now under consideration. 

21. It is conceded that the projections of the moun- 
tain ranges of the earth have occurred at the then ocean's 
edge, but the explanation given by some geologists for 
the latter fact (viz. : sedimentary deposits there) is vague, 
and to me unintelligible. 

22. I have already set forth the claim that the 
ocean's weight has had much to do with the upheavals of 
the earth's crust into wrinkles and mountain ranges, and 
have made slight reference to the probability that the 
under side of the earth's crust, at the edge of the ocean 
or the foot of the mountains, would by depression into the 
molten matter there be made thinner and weaker by fusion 
on the under side. I now direct attention to another, 
which I believe to be the prime and main factor in the 
making of mountains after the first elevations of the 
earth's crust in the early history of the earth caused by 
the cooling thereof, and which seems to have entirely es- 
caped the consideration of geologists. It rests upon the 
following facts which have come under my observation: 

First. Descending eastward from the summit of the 
Rocky Mountains there is a large watershed. 

Second. It is conceded that but a very small portion 
of the water of the summit portion of this surface ever 
reaches the foot of the mountains on the surface ; that only 
a small portion of that which flows into the upper part of 
the Platte River from its source at the summit to the foot- 
hills comes down to the plains; that instead it penetrates 



20 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the earth and flows down under the hard strata of the 
earth's crust, showing that there is a subterraneous passage 
for the water, and thus it is we have the artesian well flow 
of water from these subterraneous deposits of water on 
the eastern slope down to and on the sea level. 

23. To what depth this water penetrates, and to what 
temperature of heat it reaches in this way is not known, 
but it is evident that if it penetrates to a sufficient depth 
to come in contact with the heat underlying it, then steam 
would be produced and thereby a force in proportion to 
the quantity of water and heat thus brought in contact. 
Now this process of penetration, subterraneous passage and 
storage of water, far into the earth's crust, and under- 
neath the hard strata thereof, which occur on the inland 
side of the mountains, likewise occur on the ocean side 
thereof, so that far underneath the ocean bottom, right 
over where the fusing occurs, which has been described, 
there is a great body of water thus deposited, has been, 
and will be for time, incalculable in extent. 

24. These deposits of water, if deep enough in the 
earth's crust, would be in contact with the heat, and pro- 
duce steam, and thereby an uplifting force. That these 
deposits are of sufficient depth to come in contact with 
such heat seems apparent in the light of known facts, 

25. Let the geologist go to the mines of Virginia 
City, in the State of Nevada, and note the rate of increase 
of heat as he descends into the earth's crust. There he 
will learn that it is hot enough to convert water into steam 
before a sea level is reached. Then let him go directly west, 
out into the Pacific Ocean, say one hundred miles or so, 
and there sink an artesian well. Can it be doubted that he 



of the Origin of Mankind. 21 

would strike beneath the hard strata of the earth's crust 
a vein or deposit of water that would produce an artesian 
flow to the surface if the ocean's water were not there to 
prevent the experiment? And can it be doubted that cor- 
responding to the wrinkle of the earth's crust represented 
by the mountain range bordering the ocean, there was at 
the time produced a similar and corresponding wrinkle out 
at sea on the under side of the earth's crust, and that that 
wrinkle by depression sank into the molten heat, there pro- 
ducing results among which were the following: 

First— A forcing of molten matter up against the 
under side of the mountain elevation. Second— A fusing 
to some extent of the under side of that portion of the 
earth's crust, which is depressed into the molten heat, and 
the earth's crust thereby made thinner and weaker there 
than at other places. Hence, it follows that the heat and 
molten matter thereby approach nearer to the water in the 
crevasses, caverns, veins and seams in the earth's crust, 
and thus it is that the water there is converted to steam 
and the force is produced which lifts up and makes earth- 
quakes and mountain ranges. 

26. The ocean's weight, with its dashing waves of 
water, constitute the source of the side pressure, and the 
steam force is the source of the uplift ; that both these forces 
operate gradually for a long period of time is evident; 
and to my mind that they operate rapidly in the final 
climax is also evident ; and herein I think we may find the 
solution of the conflict between the views of those of the 
Cuvier school of geologists, viz.; the Catastrophic, and 
those of the school opposing this view, viz.: the Darwinian 
school. 



22 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

As this portion of the earth's crust lying under the 
sea is lifted up by this force, the crevasses, or fissures, or 
seams where this water is confined, and where it is hottest, 
are widened and the heated water and steam are extended 
in all directions, but mainly in the direction running par- 
allel with the shore of the sea, 

27. The evidences of the side pressure from the ocean 
side and an uplift from benath are found all through 
the geological record of the mountain ranges on the west 
side of the North American continent; so also is the evi- 
dence of the contact of heat and water found in these 
mountain formations. 

These facts, I think, give us a light by which we may 
retrace and quite accurately read the record of events in 
and upon the earth. 

28. This contact of water and heat produces a steam 
force which lifts the earth's crust above it— gradually 
for a period of time until the force accumulates, and the 
lift-up has progressed until the force is sufficient to burst 
the bounds, when rapid eruption and catastrophe follow, 
and in the rapid and catastrophic finish of the work of 
this accumulated force the mountain ranges are produced, 
elevating ocean bottom to great heights above the ocean 
level; and it is thus that that portion of the earth's crust 
and the ocean waters with their salt, and other ingredients, 
go through a grand smelting process, producing the vari- 
ous mineral veins and deposits found in the mountains. 
When it is borne in mind that the earth's crust is merely 
a cracked and shattered partition between the great body 
and weight of ocean water pressing and surging against 
it on one side, and the intense heat of the active chemicals 



of the Origin of Mankind. 23 

roasting the other side, the occurrences of vents or cracks 
in this partition, and a contact of these active elements 
there, will clearly appear as a matter of course, and in 
harmony with the laws controlling the elements engaged. 

29. I believe in the theory that the materials of the 
earth are denser and weightier at the center, and become 
less dense and heavy proceeding from the center outward 
until the very top of the atmosphere is reached. 

30. The importance of the great carrying business 
of heat and cold to and from the equator and the poles by 
the ocean currents, I think have not been fully appreci- 
ated, and the effects thereof have not been fully under- 
stood in all their bearings, as would be seen if these cur- 
rents were to cease. Were it not for the ice at the poles, 
we would be without the conditions to exchange cold for 
heat, and this commerce would cease. 

31. For a moment view the earth as it was during 
the last glacial period, with the ice at an incalculable 
depth at each pole and extending toward the equator. 
These ocean currents then did not exist as now, if at all. 
Then the sun's heat was held at home, at the equator, with 
different or no interchanging currents of heat and cold, 
for all the ocean and air currents were broken by the 
catastrophe which preceded the glacial, and so remained 
broken until new and entirely different ones were formed 
under the new order. 

It is evident, I think, that there was then at the 
equator and torrid and temperate zones a condition of heat 
and moisture, also of electric and magnetic currents en- 
tirely different from what we have now. 



24 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

To my mind it appears evident that under this con- 
dition of things, by the simple operation of eternal laws, 
of whose existence and nature we catch some glimpses, 
there were then such contacts of the different elements of 
the matter, of the sun, and of the earth, that the life upon 
the earth was thereby produced by the contact of the sun's 
rays with the earth's vapor in such eruption; and that all 
life upon the earth thus started again, and in that infinite 
variety which is characteristic of the expressions of the 
laws of the universe, everywhere that they are observable 
by the mind of man. 

33. It is now conceded in the scientific circles that 
electricity and light are identical. Does it not follow that 
the oil found in the earth, together with the coal and gas 
there, the grease in the pine and fir, the fat in the ox and 
hog, are simply forms of stored electricity all having their 
sources in the sun's heat and its contacts, and does it not 
follow that electricity and heat are identical, that the in- 
ternal portions of the earth are alike storages of electricity 
gathered from the domain of space, and thus stored in the 
formation of the earth? That electricity, so to speak, is 
the vital force and source of all life and all forms of mat- 
ter in the universe; that without electricity the universe 
and its laws would cease; that all matter would be dead 
and fall asunder, and is it not thus and from thence that 
all life and all forms of matter come? And thus we have 
the endless changes and endless round of endless circles 
from no beginning and to no ending; and thus it is that 
the matter of the universe is alive, and that all manner of 
living creatures spring therefrom, according to the condi- 
tions of the elements and the contacts thereof, and that 



of the Origin of Mankind. 25 

force and matter, time and space and the laws thereof 
are eternal. 

34. These are my reasons for thinking that matter 
is eternal: First— Time and space and laws are eternal, 
that is, ever were and ever will be (by the word matter, 
all things, electricity, intelligence, magnetism, etc., are 
comprehended). Second — All matter is and ever was 
obedient to law. Third— Something comes not from noth- 
ing. Fourth— If the anomalous condition of law without 
matter to operate on— that is to say, laws of matter with- 
out matter— if such condition of nothingness had ever ex- 
isted it never would have changed, but always would have 
so remained; therefore, the existence of matter under the 
dominion of eternal law is proof positive that they are 
co-equal. Matter and the laws thereof ever were and ever 
will be. 

35. Man, like all things else of life on earth, orig- 
inally came of contact of earth's elements with those of the 
sun. The dense atmosphere which covered the earth dur- 
ing the convulsions of mountain-making necessarily re- 
tained its heat near to and at the equator, and withstood 
the cold which prevailed over the remainder of the earth's 
surface soon after the cooling commenced. The electric 
and magnetic currents of the earth were affected by the 
catastrophe, so that our mother earth thus moistened, 
heated and conditioned in her magnetic and electric flush 
by contact with the sun's power, through the long stream- 
ers of light and life therefrom, produced the forms of life 
now on the earth. In that expression of the law, in that 
production of life, an infinite variety of creatures were 
shown, and thus did life again start after the catastrophes. 



26 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

These creatures, by contact among themselves, in obedience 
to the laws of their being, reproduce and propogate them- 
selves. And this is typified in the stagnant water on the 
surface of the earth exposed to the sun's force. When a 
drop of it is brought under the magnifying glass, we see 
the multitudes of living creatures who live there. There is 
no more mystery in the one creation than in the other; 
they are alike and obedient to the same laws. The differ- 
ence in the creatures of the two creations is measured by 
the difference in the conditions of the elements and con- 
tacts producing the two. 

36. It will be remembered that artesian water, such 
as we have in Colorado, is entirely clear of life when it 
flows to the surface. Yet this water, like ocean water, 
contains the elements and properties by which, when 
brought into contact with the sun's matter, living creatures 
are produced. 

This is not spontaneous production in any sense, nor 
is it sexual production, but it is simply an exemplification 
of the fact that life is an attribute of such matter and 
such contact. 

It should be remembered that there are very intimate 
relations between the earth and the sun; that the long 
streamers of the sun extend many millions of miles into 
space and that they come into contact with the earth; 
that these streamers are composed of matter the physical 
ingredients of which we are not entirely ignorant. 

37. By observation of the spots on the sun we have 
discovered very intimate or sympathetic relations between 
the earth and the sun touching the magnetic and electric 
matter of the earth; so much so that we know that a dis- 



of the Origin of Mankind. 27 

turbance of telegraph wires occurs in sympathy with the 
action of these sun spots, likewise of the needle of the 
compass, so that it is already well known and already seen 
that the matter of the two bodies are in sympathy with 
each other and are affected, simultaneously and in sym- 
pathy with each other. It should be remembered, too, that 
without the atmosphere around the earth we could not live 
a moment; that this atmosphere is prepared and condi- 
tioned by the sun's contact with the earth. 

That the sun contains some, if not all the elements, 
that are found in man's physical composition. 

38. It is said that the physical ingredients which go 
to make up the average man of the weight of one hundred 
fifty-four pounds are as follows: Ninety-six pounds of 
water, three pounds of white of egg, a little less than ten 
pounds of pure glue, thirty-four and one-half pounds of 
fat, eight and one-fourth pounds of phosphate of lime, one 
pound of carbonate of lime, three ounces of sugar and 
starch, seven ounces of chloride of calcium, six ounces of 
phosphate of magnesia, and a little ordinary table salt. 

Divided up into his primary or chemical elements, the 
same man is found to contain ninety-seven pounds of oxy- 
gen—enough to take up under ordinary atmospheric pres- 
sure the space of a room ten feet long, ten feet wide and 
ten feet high. His body also holds fifteen pounds of hy- 
drogen, which, under the same conditions, would occupy 
somewhat more than two such rooms as that described. 
To these must be added three pounds and thirteen ounces 
of nitrogen. The carbon in the corpus of the individual 
referred to is represented by a foot cube of coal. The 
other elements going to make up the man are four ounces 



28 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

of chlorine, eight ounces of phosphorus, three and one-half 
ounces of brimstone, two and one-half ounces of sodium, 
two and one-half ounces of potassium, one-tenth of an 
ounce of iron, two ounces of magnesium, and three pounds 
and thirteen ounces of calcium. 

39. The earth is truly the mother of all things, she 
nourishes upon her bosom, and with the aid of the sun she 
first gave birth to them all— all of the varied families of 
men, animals, fowls, fishes, trees and herbs ; and the variety 
was as great if not greater in the first instance in each 
creation in the respective periods as ever afterwards in the 
same period. 

The same combinations of heat and moisture in con- 
tact with the sun which produce life illustrate and show in 
a typical way, I think, the source of life on this earth to 
be as stated. 

All things of the universe, so far as we can trace them, 
seem typical of one another. 

40. Electricity is omnipresent and doubtless is, so to 
speak, the nerve force of the universe, and may be the 
basis of all force and all life. 

The source or origin of life in the stagnant water re- 
ferred to is typical of the source and origin of the life of 
large creatures. The life we see in the water exposed to 
the sun's heat is in the same degree and fully typical of 
the life which sprang from the condition of things pro- 
duced by the upheavals in mountain-making, as I have 
conceived the process thereof, and in accordance with the 
same laws. 

41. The production of a mushroom, a fever germ in 
water exposed to the sun, and decayed vegetation, a worm 



of the Origin of Mankind. 29 

in the bowels of a babe, a microbe in the body of a diseased 
creature, is no more nor less mysterious to or hidden from 
our understanding than is the production of man in the 
first instance. 

42. The earth itself, doubtless, in a way, is a part 
of the sun's organic system, and the sun a part of another 
system. The contact and production by sexual operation 
is distinct and subsidiary to this order of production. Mo- 
tion, contact and life are characteristics of the laws of 
matter. 

Contact and life are everywhere, because matter force 
and laws are everywhere. 

Life and intelligence are attributes thereof; that is 
to say, life is an attribute thereof, and intelligence is an 
attribute of ilfe. 

43. Wherever the sun's heat and moisture on the 
earth are the greatest, there the greatest product of life 
is shown. In portions of Brazil these conditions are more 
favorable than anywhere else, and there even now, when 
man has attained to his present position of invention and 
power, he is unable to overcome the power of animal and 
insect life there, and put that land under his dominion. 

(See History of Civilization in England, by Buckle, 
Vol. I, pages 74 and 75.) I quote therefrom: 

"Brazil, which is nearly as large as the whole of 
Europe, is covered with a vegetation of incredible pro- 
fusion. Indeed, so rank and luxuriant is the growth that 
nature seems to riot in the very wantonness of power. A 
great part of this immense country is filled with dense and 
tangled forests, whose noble trees, blossoming in unrivaled 
beauty and exquisite with a thousand hues, throw out 
their produce in endless prodigality. On their summits 



30 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

are perched birds of gorgeous plumage, which nestle in 
their dark and lofty recesses. Below, the base and trunks 
are crowded with brushwood, creeping plants, innumer- 
able parasites, all teeming with life. There are myriads 
of insects of every variety, reptiles of singular and strange 
form, serpents and lizards spotted with deadly beauty; all 
of which find means of existence in this vast workshop and 
repository of nature. And that nothing may be wanting 
in this land of marvels the forests are skirted by enormous 
meadows which, reeking with heat and moisture, supply 
nourishment to countless herds of wild cattle that browse 
and fatten on their herbage; while the adjoining plains, 
rich in another form of life, are the chosen abode of the 
supplest and most ferocious animals, which prey on each 
other, but which it might almost seem no human power 
can hope to extirpate. 

"Such is the flow and abundance of life by which 
Brazil is marked above all other countries of the earth. 
But amid this pomp and splendor of nature, no place is 
left for man. He is reduced to insignificance by the 
majesty with which he is surrounded." (This, too, is the 
land of the electric eel. See Encyclopedia Brit., Title, 
"Eel.") 

44. I believe in the Cuvier theory of geology, to-wit : 
Catastrophic, with new creations after each catastrophe. 
While neither he nor any other to my knowledge ever made 
any attempt to state the cause of these catastrophes, I 
think it is manifest that they occurred in the mountain- 
making of the earth, and that the process thereof was 
rapid and in the manner stated. The conditions of the 
elements of the earth, her heat and moisture, in contact 
with the sun's heat, during and following the grand con- 
vulsions of the earth in her mountain-making, were as 
much grander than the conditions and elements producing 



of the Origin of Mankind. 31 

the living creatures in the stagnant water, as man and the 
animals are grander than those creatures. 

45. The creation or production of man and the ani- 
mals, and all things else on earth, was expressed by this 
law the same as the type I have referred to, and not by 
producing a single kind or class, but by producing a va- 
riety of men and animals, whales and fishes, eagles and 
birds, oaks and weeds, etc., in the first instance. 

46. This view is not in accord with the Darwinian 
theory of the presence and coming of the present order of 
life on the earth. The French were the leaders in scientific 
thought one hundred years ago, and so continued. Cuvier 
in his day stood at the head of them all. The French never 
adopted the Darwinian theory, but emphatically rejected 
it; and this is significant, in view of the fact that much 
of the lore our scientists are building upon, is from this 
same Cuvier, and the French thinkers of his day. Nothing 
of Cuvier 's theories are rejected, except his catastrophic 
theory with its new creations, and these are rejected by 
Haeckel and others of the Darwinian school for the reason 
that they conflict with the Darwinian theory. 

47. Law is eternal; it will produce the same today 
that it did yesterday if the conditions of the matter subject 
thereto are the same— that is to say, matter under the do- 
minion of law will show results as stated, and if the con- 
ditions are similar the products will likewise be similar. 
By the law of eternal force there never is any halt, hence 
the conditions can never be the same. It is apparent to 
the mind of man that persistent force and continuous 
change are of the characteristics of the laws of matter. 
Haeckel's two volumes entitled "The History of Creation " 



32 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

constitute probably the strongest and most exhaustive ar- 
gument in favor of the Darwinian theory of creation and 
1 ' descent of the species. ' ' However, he recognizes the fact 
that Cuvier and the French mind, including the elder 
Agassiz, are opposed to the same. 

48. The catastrophic theory with its new creations 
seems in accord with all things observable by the mind 
of man. 

The single instance of the elephants in the ice of Si- 
beria seems to me to be of more weight than all that is 
relied upon in support of the Darwinian theory. Those 
elephants are a product of a period since which a catas- 
trophe has occurred, and one, too, which has changed the 
clime of Siberia from a clime where the elephant lived, 
to eternal ice. That the catastrophe was rapid in its pro- 
gress from warm to wet and from wet to cold, is evidenced 
in the perfect preservation of the elephant as he was in 
life; had there been intervening time the flesh upon his 
bones would not have been there when he was lodged in 
the freezing water, which hitherto held him intact, so that 
the dogs gnaw his flesh when he is taken from his tomb of 
ice, where he has been for thousands of years. Petrifac- 
tion could not occur while the sun's force was shut off 
from the earth by the dense vapor described. 

This one instance and the facts shown thereby are of 
much greater weight than the main points of the Dar- 
winian theory, viz. : Embryology and the similarity of the 
points found in man and the animals. 

49. All things produced by the same laws must be 
similar; the variety occurs according to the peculiar con- 



of the Origin of Mankind. 33 

ditions and circumstances attending at the time and place 
of their inception. 

50. If the catastrophic theory of geology is correct, 
and the cause of the catastrophies are as I have described, 
the theory of new contacts and new products thereafter is 
established and the Darwinian theory is thereby over- 
thrown. 

The fact which seems to constitute the strongest sup- 
port to the Darwinian theory is the fact that man, in the 
early stages of his career, in his mother's womb, appears 
to have a tail; hence it is argued that he is descended 
from tailed ancestors. According to my observation and 
conception of this fact, the apparent tail of the embryo 
man is not a tail at all in the sense claimed, but is simply 
a storage of material which, in due course, is worked into 
the full formation of the creature. That this material 
must be held in some place and form is evident; that it is 
held in the shape shown, and used for the purpose stated, 
is proof of nothing but the simple facts, that it is so held 
and used. 

But I take it that Mr. Darwin himself was not firm in 
the faith of the theory that bears his name, as is shown by 
his own candid treatment of the subject in his work en- 
titled "The Origin of Species," Chapter VI., Chapter VII. 
and Chapter X. 

51. Except the changes brought about in the domes- 
ticating of some animals and fowls, and the extinguish- 
ment of some varieties, there has been no change in the 
forms, order and variety of the creatures of life on the 
earth since the last glacial period. So conceded by Mr. 
Darwin. 



34 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

It is likewise evident that the creatures of life, prior 
to the last glacial, were different from the creatures of life 
since then. 

52. If it can be shown that the glacial is a hiatus 
that marks the line between the dead of a past period and 
the living of the present period, then the life of the pres- 
ent period does not descend from the life on the other side 
of the glacial, and the Darwinian theory of "descent" 
falls to the ground. 

While it may be doubted that the glacials occurred 
in the manner as herein stated, it cannot be doubted that 
at least one glacial period actually occurred. Is not that 
fact sufficient of itself to prove the proposition that all 
life must have perished in the catastrophe that brought it 
about? And independent, too of the monuments of the 
dead of the preceding period that commemorate and verify 
such event. To doubt this proposition is to admit want of 
reflection upon it. 

53. It is evident that the heat necessary to send up 
in vapor enough water with which to make the rain, the 
snow and ice for the glacial, was greater than that be- 
stowed by the sun; that this heat came from within the 
earth, otherwise it could not have come in contact with 
the water of the earth, so as to produce the evaporation 
thereof, which actually occurred to produce the rain and 
snow which actually preceded and produced the glacial. 
The heat from the sun, in order to raise the amount of 
vapor or steam from the oceans necessary to the glacials, 
would be a heat of sufficient force to kill all life on the 
earth and to boil the oceans of the earth. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 35 

54. The change in the condition of the elements to 
a dense cloud of vapor, miles in depth, covering the entire 
earth, for years probably, was a necessary condition for 
such result, and would be destructive of life. The sun's 
force, thus shut off from the creatures of life of the earth 
for any considerable length of time, would put an end to 
the growth of herbage and food, and would be destructive 
of all life. 

But I deem it sufficient to refer, on this point, to the 
mountains themselves— say the ranges on the western side 
of the American continents, together with the facts shown 
by the geological records thereof, among which are: 

First— The tops of these mountains were once ocean 
bottom. 

Second— The upheaval force that produced them was 
rapid in the finish of their formation. 

Third— The waves of the ocean in this convulsion 
swept over all the earth again and again and miles in 
height. 

55. It is evident, beyond doubt, that in such up- 
heavals, upon the edge of the ocean, the contact of the 
water and heat necessary to the result shown was upon a 
grand scale, sufficient to put our mother earth in a state 
approaching dissolution, and a return to that gaseous or 
vapor state in which she existed before her present forma- 
tion; that she remained in this condition for a consider- 
able time is evident; that the atmosphere around her was 
thereby charged with a great quantity of heat and fumes 
from her internal forces ; that one-third, one-half, or more, 
of all the water of all the oceans was sent up in vapor; 
that the atmosphere carrying this amount of water was 



36 A Refutation of the Danvinian Conception 

deep and dense, leaving the earth in pitch darkness; that 
in this condition of things, for the time necessary to work 
the changes that followed, with the sun's force so utterly 
cut off from the surface of the earth and ocean, no creature 
of the air, the ocean or the earth, at all, could retain life 
in such condition of things, so all then perished. 

56. The order of life on the earth, in the carbonif- 
erous and other periods, when there were less mountains 
and but little if any ice and cold storage upon the earth, 
and when the life-giving heat of the sun spread itself un- 
checked more nearly all over the earth, there was a grander 
and more prolific and powerful product of living animal 
creatures on the earth than now. The vitalizing heat hav- 
ing been checked and lessened by the great quantity of 
ice retained on the earth and the elevation of portions of 
the earth's surface in this, the last period, the order of 
animal life in this subsequent period is less powerful and 
destructive, so that man in this period has come and sur- 
vived, and is the most powerful of all his fellows. 

57. The Darwinian theory of evolvement is not in 
accord with these facts. Those of this school concede, too, 
that in those previous periods man was absent, had not yet 
"evolved," yet they are compelled to admit that the ani- 
mals were of a much larger and more powerful and de- 
structive character then than now. 

58. Can the history of the gravel stones of the earth's 
crust, the history of the flesh and bones that made the 
phosphate beds of South Carolina, Florida and Georgia, 
the history of the hairy elephants, in the ice of Siberia, or 
the cause of the continuous quakes of the earth's crust be 



of the Origin of Mankind. 37 

told outside of the lines of the catastrophic theory, as 
stated? 

59. Of the things of a temporary identity, insects, 
vegetation, animals, etc., we may learn much, also of 
the laws to which they are subject; but of things eternal, 
time and space, matter, force and the laws thereof, we 
cannot know them, much less encompass them, and this, I 
think, is the true position of the true agnostic. There is 
no such thing as a first cause in the forms of matter. Such 
an assumption presupposes a beginning and hence an end- 
ing. In the endless variety of the forms and types of living 
things on the earth, the conception of progress, unfold- 
ment, evolution, has rooted itself in the minds of many 
thinkers. I think it is a misconception. So also is the 
assumption that there is an unfoldment of things evolved 
from nothing to something, or from a beginning to a finish, 
for there can be no beginning or ending of infinite things ; 
they have no beginning nor ending, neither can there be 
any correct conception of what is progress or the con- 
trary thereof in things eternal. These terms, as well as 
the Darwinian conception, to which they belong, have 
nothing to stand on; they are anomalous, have no place 
in truth, and they have little, if any, application to things 
not eternal— animals and the like; they have but a 
momentary duration and pass out of their frail and mo- 
mentary form of life here into the endless sea of matter 
again, by the death which soon overtakes that being, that 
form ; and whatever it gains in the moment of life it holds 
is lost to its followers in the death that follows that life. In 
the domain in which the intelligence of that life is exer- 
cised there are such contacts with, and observations of the 



38 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

eternal laws, that much is learned of those operations; not 
that the mind of man can comprehend those laws, but 
that the mind of man can become familiar with many of 
the characteristics and operations thereof, and herein is 
the field where the intelligence of man, so long as man 
exists, will ever struggle to learn more of the workings of 
the laws of the universe. Life on this earth in the various 
forms we find it, transmits itself according to the law of 
continuous change in the conditions of matter. Sometimes 
this transmission of life seems to be in what we call a pro- 
gressive channel, at other times, retrogressive; but these 
deviations are always within limits— within such limits 
that no old species loses itself in a new one. 

60. Man, like all things we can see, is the creature 
and the victim of laws; he is the highest order of all 
creatures of which we have knowledge; hence the exalted 
conceptions we have of his possibilities and his rank. Yet 
the flashes of his intellect are like the dew drops in the 
morning sun, the rainbow in its dazzling splendor. Can 
it be that these, and all things— man, grass and the ani- 
mals—come and go alike; the incidents or playthings of 
the eternal laws of the universe? I think not, because 
man is distinguished by an intellect peculiar to him, and 
above all others on earth. 

61. Time is eternal; that is, ever was and ever will 
be. The human being stands in the over-awing presence 
of this truth like a bubble in the boundless ocean. 

Space is eternal ; that is, without beginning or ending. 
While the human mind is able; to state this truth, it can- 
not comprehend its full significance. 

Matter, including the elements from which all things 



of the Origin of Mankind. 39 

come, electricity, and no one knows what all else, is like- 
wise eternal and has always been, subject to laws. While 
there can be no doubt of this, man cannot comprehend the 
full force thereof. 

These elements are co-existent with the laws of the 
universe to which they are and ever have been subject, and 
all things that are or will be, accord therewith and flow 
therefrom. 

62. While the power that made us has not told us 
why we were made, it does not follow that we had no 
Creator nor Designer; that there was nothing superior to 
us in our conception and production; but to my mind it 
does follow that we are, and in the beginning of us, were 
inferior to the power under which the contact of matter 
occurred by which we were conceived and produced, and 
that by that superior power we were equipped with organs 
and intelligence with which to transmit ourselves, and 
without co-equal intelligence to comprehend the same. 

63. Whereabouts in the barren range of the Dar- 
winian conception is the brain or the womb to design or 
conceive or to give to the living creatures their respective 
sexual organs and the sympathetic force that goes there- 
with? 

64. Is not the sun the immediate source from whence 
come all that we call life— organs, instinct and intelli- 
gence? Do they not all come from the one source, and 
together? And is not the sun the seat of the hidden de- 
signer—the hidden force or hidden law by which the or- 
gans, and the male and the female sexes were given to all 
creatures here in the first instance of their production in 
the contacts of the sun's elements with those of the earth? 



40 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

If not so, then the sun contains the elements and forces 
by which the creatures of life on the earth were produced, 
and by a dominating force intellectual. 

The Essenes had a remarkable conception of the sun. 
(See Encyclopedia Britannica, Title Essenes.) 

It is believed that Jesus Christ was for some time with 
the Essene sect. 

65. In my view the following appear as acceptable 
facts : 

First— The intelligence of man is not and cannot be 
fully commensurate with nor comprehensive of things 
eternal, time space, force, matter, and the laws thereof. 

Second— There is and must be an intelligence that is 
commensurate therewith and comprehensive thereof. 

Third— The intellect of man is a flash or spark, so to 
speak, from this source, and kindred thereto. 

Fourth— That there are two distinct processes by 
which living creatures are produced on the earth. 

One by the sexual organ process, which requires or- 
ganic creatures to carry it on; the creature thereby pro- 
duced being a mere continuation or transmission of those 
engaged in the contact, and necessarily remaining like 
unto the creatures so producing them. 

This process is secondary to the process preceding it, 
which preceding process is one by which creatures with 
organs and intelligence are produced. This order or pro- 
cess is one in which the elements of the sun are directly 
engaged in contact with other elements upon the earth, 
with a Designer and Creator, it seems, and whose scheme 
is not understood by His creatures. These creatures seem 
to be infinite in variety. 



of the Origin of Mankind, 41 

66. The Darwinian theory of the descent of species 
in no way comprehends the distinction, but is founded 
upon the sexual organ process, and that, too, without a 
capacity to produce a single organ or a single flash of in- 
stinct or intellect for any creature. So the conception 
simply turns upon itself and ends where it begins without 
a truth to live on, or a leg to stand on. 

67. From the foregoing considerations I claim: 
First— That catastrophes caused by contacts of the boiling 
chemical heat lying in and under the earth's crust with the 
ocean's water upon the earth's crust must be accepted as 
the basic and underlying principle and truth of the science 
of geology, and without which there can be no comprehen- 
sive conception of the known facts thereof. Second— That 
the Darwinian theory of the descent of man is contrary 
to and entirely out of accord with all the known facts 
found in the geological record, and all the known charac- 
teristics of the laws of matter, life and intelligence, and that 
not one essential proposition or fact of the conception has 
ever been proved. 

68. In view of the vast amount of evidence on the 
subject, among which are the varied and polished gravel 
stones of the earth, there is afforded convincing proof of 
the fact of cataclysm catastrophes, viz.: the catastrophic 
theory of geology. 

The present period is the first to retain the ice de- 
posits at the poles, and this shows and accounts for the 
fact that immediately previous to the present geological 
period, the climes were so different that what is now frigid 
was then warm and tropical; that such climes would re- 
turn to those regions and zones again if the sun were able 



42 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

to remove the cold storages of ice now permanently fixed 
at the poles. 

69. The last glacial is evidence of the fact of great 
heat in contact with water, essential to the production of 
the vapor to produce the rain and snow for such glacier, 
sufficient to have sent up in vapor at least one-quarter of 
the water of all the oceans of the earth. 

70. Altogether, the evidence is such as to be con- 
clusive, I think, that the catastrophes were— the last one 
certainly was— such that all organic life on earth suc- 
cumbed thereto, and that the present order of life on 
earth is of subsequent production, incident to the catas- 
trophe, and not by descent from that order of life preced- 
ing the catastrophe. 

71. The order of life on earth being of the expression 
flowing from the contact of certain elements of sun and 
earth, exemplifies the law of attraction, contact and ex- 
pression, dominating certain elements of matter. 

Such is the language of the matter of the universe, 
and such is the form and manner of expression in the 
regions of space; it being the same law by which thought 
and sex expressions occur in the organism of man. 

Attraction, contact, expression, such is the manner of 
all expressions, all creations, whether of those which seem 
to us mere reproductions or those which seem to us original 
productions. 

Is it not a law of the matter of the universe affecting 
all matter and participating in its eternal motion? 

72. We may pick up a handful of gravel stones any- 
where I have been on the earth and find therein a great 
variety. We will find therein rock from a number of the 



of the Origin of Mankind. 43 

several rock strata of the earth. We find them altogether 
and well polished. A moment's reflection upon this fact 
shows the truth of the catastrophies of Cuvier's concep- 
tion. 

These gravel stones originally came from the crack- 
ing, breaking and upheavals of the earth's crust composed 
of these several rock strata, and they were rough and un- 
polished when so produced. 

Nothing short of the catastrophes referred to could 
have so broken the earth's crust, the rock strata thereof, 
produced the spalls and chips and boulders thereof, mixed 
and polished them and put them where we now find them. 

73. By the grades of certain streets in the City of 
Tacoma, and the washing down of the sides of the bluffs 
to fill the tide flats in the harbor of Tacoma, the geological 
formation in many places is disclosed, so that it is easy to 
distinguish there between the work of the ocean waves 
during the first phases of the last catastrophe and the 
work of the glacier, in the last phase thereof. A very 
plain and readable page of the geological record is by 
these works exposed to view. We had in Colorado the 
fossilized remains of a sea monster fashioned after the 
form of a lizard, or crocodile. It was twenty-four feet in 
length and was discovered there just a short distance on 
the east side of the summit of the Rocky Mountains near 
Georgetown, about twenty-five years since, by Professor 
Lakes, the geologist at the school of mines at Golden. 

74. It will be remembered in this connection, that in 
the convulsed state of the earth and the ocean water dur- 
ing the first stages of the cataclysm or catastrophe, that 



44 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the waves of the ocean were miles in height, and swept all 
the dry land of the earth over and over again and again. 

75. On the subject of mountain-making I here now 
present the views of the learned and distinguished Agassiz 
on that subject, found in his work, entitled " Geological 
Sketches/' Vol. I, pp. 97-8-9, and 117-119: 

"Our present notions of the past periods of the world's 
history probably bear about the same relation to the truth 
that these ancient geographical maps bear to the modern 
ones. But this should not discourage us, for, after all, 
those maps were in the main true as far as they went; and 
as the ancient geographers were laying the foundation for 
all our modern knowledge of the present conformation of 
the globe, so are the geologists of the nineteenth century 
preparing the ground for future investigators, whose work 
will be as far in advance of theirs as are the delineations 
of Carl Bitter, the great master of physical geography in 
our age, in advance of the map drawn by the old Alexan- 
drian geographer. We shall have our geological explorers 
and discoverers in the land and seas of past times, as we 
have had in those of the present— our Columbuses, our 
Captain Cooks, our Linvingstones in geology, as we have 
had in geography. There are undiscovered continents and 
rivers and inland seas in the past world to exercise the in- 
genuity, courage and perseverance of men, after they shall 
have solved all the problems, sounded all the depths, and 
scaled all the heights, of the present surface of the earth. 

"What has been done thus far is chiefly to classify 
the inequalities of the earth's surface, and to detect the 
different causes which have produced them. Foldings of 
the earth's crust, low hills, extensive plains, mountain 
chains and narrow valleys, broad table lands and wide val- 
leys, local chimneys or volcanoes, river beds, lake basins, 
inland seas— such are some of the phenomena which, dis- 



of the Origin of Mankind. 45 

conected as they seem at first glance, have nevertheless 
been brought under certain principles and explained ac- 
cording to definite physical laws. 

Formerly men looked upon the earth as a unit in time, 
as the result of one creative act, with all its outlines es- 
tablished from the beginning. It has been the work of 
modern science to show that its inequalities are not con- 
temporaneous or simultaneous, but successive, including a 
law of growth— that heat and cold, and the consequent 
expansion and contraction of its crust, have produced 
wrinkles and folds upon the surface, while constant oscilla- 
tions, changes of level which are even now going on, have 
midified its conformation, and molded its general outline 
through successive ages. 

In thinking of the formation of the globe, we must at 
once free ourselves from the erroneous impression that the 
crust of the earth is a solid steadfast foundation. So far 
from being immovable, it has been constantly heaving and 
falling; and if we are not impressed by its oscillations, it 
is because they are not so regular, so evident to our senses 
as the rise and fall of the sea. The disturbances of the 
ocean, and the periodical advance and retreat of its tides, 
are known to our daily experience; we have seen it tossed 
into great billows by storms, or placid as a lake when un- 
disturbed. But the crust of the earth also has had its 
storms, to which the tempests of the sea are as nothing — 
which have thrown up mountain waves twenty thousand 
feet high, and then fixed them where they stand, perpetual 
memorials of the convulsions that upheaved them. Con- 
ceive an ocean wave that should roll up for twenty thou- 
sand feet, and be petrified at its greatest height: the 
mountains are but gigantic waves raised on the surface of 
the land by the geological tempests of past times. Besides 
these sudden storms of the earth 's surface, there have been 
its gradual upheavals and depressions, going on now as 
steadily as ever, and which may be compared to the reg- 



46 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

ular action of the tides. These, also, have had their share 
in determining the outlines of the continents, the height of 
the lands and the depth of the seas. 

*jfe jfa jfe jfc jg. jfe jfa 

*?s* *«• W W W W W 

' ' But Von Buch was indefatigable. For years he lived 
the life of an itinerant geologist. "With a shirt and a pair 
of stockings in his pocket, and a geological hammer in his 
hand, he traveled all over Europe on foot. The results of 
his foot journey to Scandinavia were among his most im- 
portant contributions to geology. He went also to the 
Canary islands; and it is in his extensive work on the 
geological formation of these islands that he showed con- 
clusively not only the plutonic character of all unstrati- 
fied rocks, but also that to their action upon the stratified 
deposits the inequalities of the earth's surface are chiefly 
due. He first demonstrated that the melted masses within 
the earth had upheaved the materials deposited in layers 
upon its surface, and had thus formed the mountains. * * 

"Next to Von Buch, no man has done more for mod- 
ern geology than Elie DeBeaumont, the great French geol- 
ogist. Perhaps the most important of his generalizations 
is that by which he has given us the clue to the limitation 
of the different epochs in past times by connecting them 
with the great revolutions in the world's history. He has 
shown us that the great changes in the aspect of the globe, 
as well as in its successive sets of animals, coincide with 
the mountain upheavals." 

76. It is a well known and admitted fact that living 
things do frequently come down from the clouds to the 
earth in falling rain; worms, toads, fish, etc., etc. (I be- 
lieve it will some day be demonstrated, too, that from this 
source come the plagues known as army worms, grasshop- 
pers, locusts, etc.) 

It has been assumed that these things of life so fall- 
ing upon the earth had been drawn up from the earth and 



of the Origin of Mankind. 47 

simply returned to the earth as they were when drawn up 
with the moisture of which the rain is composed. This as- 
sumption, however, is a false one; yet, baldly false as it 
is, no scientist that I know of has ever told us so. I now 
declare that these creatures do not go up from the earth 
in the vapor which rises and forms the rain; such a con- 
ception is entirely erroneous and false. The vapor rising 
from the oceans and the earth's moisture is not and can- 
not be so freighted. 

These living things, on the contrary, are brought into 
being in this vapor after it rises, and by the contact of the 
sun's rays with this vapor while in the cloud form; and 
such forms of life are accordingly generated and produced 
there. The vapor composing the falling rain bearing liv- 
ing things evidently had been held and carried for a con- 
siderable time in the vapor state by a warm body of air 
and in contact with the sun's rays. By this truth a flood 
of light is turned upon the conception herein set forth : 

77. Now, for a moment, go to the drop of stagnant 
water on the earth as it appears when brought under the 
magnifying glass and behold the living creatures there. 
In this we see a creation in miniature. 

Then, go forward to the vaporized water from the 
earth to the cloud, after it has been long borne high up in 
a warm body of atmosphere exposed to the sun's rays, and 
behold the varied, curious and much larger creatures there 
coming into existence. In this we see a creation in a larger 
miniature. 

78. After these two object lessons, the mind is some- 
what prepared for the contemplation of the earth and her 
vaporized elements as she was when a third, or a half, of 



48 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

all the water of the oceans had been sent up in vapor by 
the contact of the earth's internal heat with the water of 
the oceans in the upheaval catastrophes by which the moun- 
tains were made, and the glacials produced as set forth 
herein. 

It will be seen that the womb-like elements then en- 
veloping our mother earth were charged with her maternal 
seed, and were thus in long contact with the vivifying rays 
of the sun; thus, then and there, did conception and new 
life occur, not unlike the two miniature processes referred 
to. 

79. The periods of gestation of the creatures of this 
ample womb continued, till an approximating return to 
the conditions ordinary on the earth, when the air, the 
land and the oceans were alive with the new creatures 
thus brought into being, with their organs, sexes and in- 
stincts, amongst which was man, with that additional and 
distinguished quality, intellect: so were they equipped and 
conditioned in this, their beginning. And from this be- 
ginning these creatures began their career in the conditions 
ordinary upon the earth, by feeding upon each other, and 
upon the quick and tender nourishments of the earth. And 
they continued, and continue their career by propagation ; 
by the simple process of bringing into contact the elements 
of the male creature with those of the female. 

80. The elements encircling the earth contain many 
ingredients from the sea of matter, which are largely gath- 
ered, formed, conditioned, controlled and located by the 
sun in his control of and contact with the earth, and the 
other elements of his system. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 49 

The presence of living things on the earth was after 
the presence of these elements on and as a part of the 
earth. 

I think that these elements and the living creatures 
thereof are in a manner kindred— the creatures being in 
part, so to speak, indigenous to these elements. For such 
elements are suitable to these living creatures, which are 
not only dependent on these elements for every moment of 
the life they bear, or transmit, but were in the beginning 
of such form of such life so produced by and from the 
elements under the contact influence of the sun. 

81. In the meat part of a live fish, which I once caught 
and cut up for bait, I found a live worm an inch long 
and as slender as the finest silk thread; and I have seen 
from the bowels and stomachs of babies and children liv- 
ing worms of different varieties. 

Is the presence of such living creatures in such ele- 
ments in accord with the Darwinian conception of the 
"descent" of species? And, if so, from what ancestors do 
they descend? 

82. In the population of universal space there is a 
sympathetic magnetic pulsation throughout the organism 
of each and every solar system. This has been established 
as to our own solar system by the observations of the sun's 
spots, by which it has been discovered that there is a eon- 
current and sympathetic action thereof with the needle of 
the compass and the electric wires upon the earth, not un- 
like the pulsations of the human body and its effect upon 
the several organs thereof. 

83. In each and all of the solar systems the intellect 
thereof must be in homogeneous accord therewith. This 



50 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

is so, for nothing is in vain. Beauty must have an eye 
to see it. Grandeur must have a soul to feel it. Truth and 
mathematics, an intellect to comprehend them, else they 
would not be. The existence of the one without the other 
is not tolerable in the nature of things. 

84. Numbers are illimitable. Likewise are things and 
space infinite or eternal; yet, as mathematics is compre- 
hensive of all numbers, likewise is intelligence comprehen- 
sive of all things. It follows, that intellect is of that which 
is eternal, infinite, Divine. 

85. Man is a being on earth, made of elements from 
two different sources; base and refined; earth and sun; 
finite and infinite. 

This is shown by the irregular and never-ending con- 
flict in the play of the passions; in them, he loves and 
hates, wounds and heals, weeps and smiles— the opposing 
forces never rest: because there is in this creature of earth 
a flash of intellect, a spark from the fount of things eter- 
nal—a something from another source and kind, that can- 
not overcome nor absorb, nor be overcome nor absorbed, 
while in the blend of earth. 

86. It is by these mysterious qualities that the 
creature, man, is charged with that energy of thought and 
action so far-reaching in scope. By being so charged with 
such force, it results that he has done much in the way 
of discovery, invention, and the utilization of the force 
of matter put into his hands and by his recent inventions 
he is now able to preserve and transmit the fruits of his 
work in these respects, and he has done all this without the 
acquisition or loss of a limb or an organ. And now, aided 
as he is by these acquisitions of knowledge, he is equipped 



of the Origin of Mankind. 51 

with the capacity to do more and more, and that, too, 
without the acquisition or loss of a limb or an organ. 

It follows, I think, that he is and in the beginning 
was a creature designed for results not yet attained. 

87. It is apparent that man is a humble bearer of 
intellect, and of an intellect humble and remote, indeed, 
in comparison with the All Comprehensive. How little 
does the human intellect comprehend compared with the 
much it does not comprehend ! But it is nevertheless man- 
ifest that our intellect is akin to that Divine Intellect which 
pervades, dominates and comprehends the universal all. 
This is evidenced by the fact, among others, that the 
human intellect is comprehensive of mathematics, no other 
creature of earth being so distinguished. 

88. There is a group of things, each of which, in a 
way, is kindred to the other; and all of which, in a way, 
constitute one whole. These are and always were every- 
where and without beginning or limitation. They are: 
Time, Space, Matter, including the forces and laws there- 
of; Truths, or principles mathematical; Life and Intellect, 
which, flowing with matter, likewise are and always were 
without beginning or limitation. 

89. For the better understanding of the words con- 
tact and expression, as used herein, I give the following 
illustration : 

The grain of corn is produced, or made to grow on 
the cob, by the contact of the blossom element from the 
tassel of the stock falling upon the silk of the cob. With- 
out this contact there would be no corn on the cob. The 
corn thus produced is the expression flowing from such 



52 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

contact. Yet the grain of corn is like neither the tassel, 
the silk, nor the cob. 

This, however, is a mere continuation or perpetuation 
of that which had been created, and the same is true of the 
living creatures, in their sexual organ process by which 
they are continued or perpetuated, being repeated expres- 
sions simply. 

90. Recurring to the creation of the forms of life 
now on the earth; By the lights which are given us, we 
see that the same law is present touching the contact 
feature; in the one instance, however, it is a new form 
flowing from the contact, while in the other it is a mere 
continuation or repetition of an old form flowing from 
the contact. 

91. Under conditions ordinary on the earth, we have 
those almost imperceptible creatures seen in the drop of 
stagnant water; yet, insignificant as they appear, even 
when magnified, we should remember of them that their 
origin and creation required the contact and exercise of 
our sun and our earth. In the cloud contact we have more 
favorable conditions and more refined elements, hence a 
higher creation. Thus it is that a new form of life is ex- 
pressed, created, essentially distinct and different from 
the process of continuing or perpetuating an existing form. 

It will be observed that the forces necessary to a new 
form or creation are vastly different and superior to the 
thing created. 

92. The animalcule life on the earth, as shown when 
brought under a magnifying glass, the life produced in 
the vapor of the cloud, and the life produced in the vapor 
which enveloped the earth in her conditions extraordinary, 



of the Origin of Mankind. 53 

are all original expressions or creations, and flow from, the 
contacts of the elements of the sun with the elements of 
the earth, under the forces dominating the same. The 
difference in the creations is measured by the difference 
in the conditions, and the elements engaged in the contacts. 
Thus it is that the earth has been repeopled through 
the same conditions extraordinary by which all her 
creatures were destroyed. New and extraordinary con- 
tacts of new and extraordinary elements were thereby oc- 
casioned, from which flowed the expressions or creations 
following. 

93. Certain elements or qualities of matter are 
doubtless the conductors of intellect, much in the way that 
certain matter is the conductor of electricity. And it is 
so, not by miracle, but by the eternal laws of matter and 
the forces intellectual and all which flow therewith and 
therefrom. 

94. The words, all comprehensive inetllect, as used 
herein, signify the All-comprehensive in the exalted yet 
passionless state, and such, I think, is the true conception 
of Divinity. Intellect, in man, is infused with certain 
frailties, passions and qualities, having their source in his 
fleshy and organic nature. 

95. I view the living things of earth as an expression 
from the contact of the forces within our solar system. 
Whether we are here on earth as a mere incidental expres- 
sion of the going forces of our solar system, in its course 
among the multitudes in the realms of space, or are here 
by the design of a Designer, is the important question. 
The Darwinians think much in one groove, and in their 
thinking do not fully, if at all, recognize the fact that 



54 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the matter of our solar system, in its quality and under 
the forces by which it is dominated and to which it is 
subject, contains life-giving elements, in its continued mo- 
tion and energy, of which living creatures are produced. 

96. Mr. Tyndall for years emphatically denied this 
truth, but later not only admitted, but advanced and pro- 
claimed the same. (See column article in New York Trib- 
une of date March 6th, 1894.) For the Darwinians to 
presume to lay a limit to the capacity of the forces of the 
sun and earth by which new forms of life are created, 
and assert that the same is sufficient for the creation of 
some forms of life but insufficient for others, is against 
all reason. 

97. Amidst his insect and animal comrades we con- 
template man. It appears from the evidence that he is a 
creature distinguished above all others on earth; that 
he is an organic intellectual being, and was such when 
originally expressed or created here; that he is an expres- 
sion or creation of our solar system, together with the di- 
vine or intellectual forces comprehensive thereof and flow- 
ing therewith. That as such expression he is evidence of 
the intellect in the expression. All of which tell us no less 
than that our solar system is an organized system of mat- 
ter, which is the possessor or associate or conductor of in- 
tellect; this creature, man, coming as he does, being proof 
of this and these. 

98. By all the light of that which is known to us, it 
conclusively appears that man fist appeared on earth sub- 
sequent to the last glacial; that in all his past on earth he 
has been the same distinct creature he now is, and without 
connection or confusion with any other creature here. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 55 

99. By the geological record it appears that his be- 
ginning here follows the last glacial, a time when an ex- 
traordinary condition of things had occurred, still evi- 
denced by the track of that glacial, the graves of the things 
peculiar to the time preceding, and the mountain ranges, 
with their record of the conflicts and contacts of heat and 
water. 

100. It will be observed that I have herein described 
many of the characteristics of the intellect with which 
man is endowed. It may have appeared to the reader that 
the same were irrelevant to the subject under discussion. 

They are not only pertinent, I think, but the fact 
shown thereby, constitutes, in my opinion, proof against 
the Darwinian conception of the origin and descent of 
man. 

If man and his intellect were entirely a result of 
evolvement from earth material— that is to say, of earth 
origin, earth protoplasm beginning or origin— then the 
frontier line of advancement therefrom would be clearly 
marked, without any over-reaching, such as we have, into 
the higher, the far beyond; and man and his intellect 
would then be tied to the earth, and would have no char- 
acteristics, except those resulting from the heredity and 
environment attending his supposed march from earth 
protoplasm. The exalted intellect with which he is en- 
dowed would necessarily be absent. 

101. That his intellect is of an exalted source, above 
and beyond the earth and all material of this earth, is 
evidenced, I think, by the fact that there is no limit to its 
range. The Darwinian conception is inadequate to this 
exalted and unlimited characteristic of the human intel- 



56 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

lect; an attribute which could not have been acquired in 
the dreary march from protoplasm conceived by Darwin. 
There is nothing in that theory to explain the endowment 
of man with the intellect he has; an intellect unlike and 
far beyond everything engaged in or employed by Darwin 
in his conception. It must be manifest that it comes not 
from any such obscure and barren realm, and if his intel- 
lect came not by that way, then neither did his physical 
body with its various organs. In short, that way, I think, 
has no existence except in the minds of those who still 
cling to the fallacies of that conception. 

102. For the commencement of their Origin and De- 
scent theory, the Darwinians start with a kind of matter 
they call protoplasm. In their conception the descent of 
species begins at this point. The species develop or orig- 
inate later on; so it seems that the descent of species pre- 
cedes the origin of species; that is to say, the creature 
creates itself in and by its own acts. By this unique con- 
ception Haeckel and others of this school assume that they 
have a system by which all species may be accounted for 
and maintained, without intellect, design or designer, ex- 
cept as mere sequences; and this, too, in full view of the 
fact that no organless thing ever acquired an organ, and 
no organic thing ever added an organ to the complement 
given it to begin with, and of the fact that the ant, the 
bee, and every other species of life on earth, including the 
animalcule, remain steadfast to the respective grooves in 
which they were cast in their original production. 

103. The Origin of Species is, I think, a distinct 
thing from the Descent of Species. Sexual organs or sex- 



of the Origin of Mankind. 57 

ual qualities, at least, are essential to commence and pro- 
ceed with descent. 

In the original production of species, as well as in 
the reproduction thereof by means of sexes or sex qual- 
ities, we have an expression from a contact of matter 
simply. Such expressions result from the contact of ele- 
ments different in quality but similar or kindred in kind. 
They are expressions of nature, or of matter under natural 
laws. This sex quality is essential and is always present 
in the reproduction or perpetuation of species; whether 
it is in any sense present in the original production, is a 
question beyond our comprehension. It is now conceded 
that the matter of the universe is possessed of life-giving 
qualities. 

104. The scientists have said much— not to their 
credit, I think, for accuracy— about what they term 
"spontaneous generation." That something may not be 
produced from nothing, all concede; but that different 
forms of living creatures may be produced by the contact 
of matter of different quality is known to every observer. 
And whether the creature thus produced be the fever germ, 
the bacteria, the wriggling thing in the stagnant water, 
the worm or the toad that comes down in the rain, the 
grasshopper that comes down in the hot sunshine, or the 
larger creatures produced in the vapor of the oceans ' 
water during the great catastrophic cataclysms of the 
earth, it is an exhibition of simple ignorance to associate 
either or any of them with the conception of "spontane- 
ous generation, ' ' viz. : the production of something from 
nothing. 



58 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

105. The matter of the universe teems with life-giving 
elements, and the occurring contacts of the different qual- 
ities thereof is by law, and is the source of expression, 
both in the field where living creatures or species are pro- 
duced, and in the field where such creatures are repro- 
duced or perpetuated, in obedience to the laws of their 
sexual qualities; the marked distinction between the two 
classes being, that in the case of original production the 
elements and forces engaged are vast, indeed, in compar- 
ison therewith; vast and profound, and comprehend all 
there is of our solar system of matter, intellect and Divin- 
ity; far beyond the penetration of the human intellect as 
now equipped and enlightened. 

106. In the case of Descent or Keproduetion, we find 
the species simply obedient to the profound law of the 
sexes, in their contact action resulting in the reproduc- 
tion of themselves again and again. The law of sexes is 
eternal and, we may say, pervades the universe. We find 
it in the vegetable kingdom, in the electric and magnetic 
attraction of matter, and wherever the intellect of man 
can penetrate. The assumption that this sympathetic force 
and quality of the sexes is a creation of the species for 
themselves and by themselves is one of the barefaced fal- 
lacies of the Darwinian conception. 

107. An original production is one begotten, not by 
creatures like unto itself, but of contact between forces 
vaster than itself. Of this class are the living things seen 
under the glass in the stagnant water; the living things 
which come down in the rain, and those greater living 
things which were produced in the vapor enveloping the 
earth during the catastrophic cataclysms of the past. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 59 

108. Advancing a step further in the consideration 
of the forces engaged in the original production of the 
animals and mankind now occupying the earth : I reiterate 
that I think it is conclusively shown by the record that 
the manner of this production was in and by the vapor 
of the ocean, caused by the contact of the earth's intense 
heat with the ocean's water, which enveloped the earth 
for a long period of time during and following the last 
catastrophic cataclysm. Into this vaporized element of 
the earth the sun poured his substance through his long 
rays; the expressions from such contact were the creatures 
mankind and their animal comrades, all equipped with 
organs with which to perpetuate their career. 

Is the Sun the source or fount of the organs and in- 
tellect we find in these creatures expressed by this con- 
tact? 

I answer: The Sun is admittedly the source of life 
on earth, then why not the material source of the intel- 
lect and organs of life? 

109. The earth adheres to the sun, and his electric 
and magnetic forces thrill the earth with himself, as dis- 
covered by observance of the action of the spots on the 
sun and the magnetic needle and electric wires on the 
earth. In such a system would the production of man- 
kind and animal kind in the vaporized womb of the earth 
be any more mysterious, or less in accord with the lawful 
order of things, than the production of a worm in the 
bowels of a child, or a wriggling thing in the drop of 
water, or a worm or toad in the vapor of a cloud, under 
conditions ordinary on earth? 



60 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

There must be an intellect comprehensive of the forces 
and laws of things. Is not that intellect, or a flash of it, 
unified with, or identified in the sun? 

110. The action of the comets toward the sun indicate 
as much ; else how is it that comets, like messengers, course 
through systems without displacing the other inhabitants 
and occupants thereof, and under entirely different forces 
and different influences? Some of them are domestic 
comets, some foreign; those which belong to our system 
remain within its precincts; others come from beyond and 
go beyond again, to return no more. The sun receives 
these messengers and sends them forth throughout his own 
domain, and beyond into the domain of other systems; 
some never return, some divide in two, some leave their 
luminous appendages behind ; one left his tail with Jupiter 
and his moons— possibly seed for some new creation there. 
Is there no intelligence, design or purpose in this diversi- 
fied order of things? Were it all automaton there would 
not be this diversity of motion and action of comets and 
planets. 

111. The earth is not of two qualities, in the sex- 
ual sense. Without the sun to make her fruitful, she would 
bear nothing of life; without the sun we would not be. 
By and with the sun, we are, our intellect, no less than our 
organs. 

The capture and control of electric force on earth is 
by the intellect, in the identified form in which it is there 
held by man. Is our little earth the only abiding place of 
intellect in any form, and the only place where intellect 
participates in controlling the forces which are themselves 
of matter? 



of the Origin of Mankind. 61 

112. To know anything accurately, one must know 
something of the whole of which it is a part. To have a 
correct conception of the earth and her creatures, it is 
necessary to have something like a correct conception of 
the whole of which they are a part. 

113. The Darwinian conception, as applied to their 
"origin and descent of species," is necessarily puny and 
false, because it ignores all else but earth. The Darwin- 
ians, I think, deceive themselves, too, in the weight they 
give to endless time; therefrom they assume to supply the 
wants and cover the breaks in their theory of the "origin 
and descent of species" on earth. 

114. The catastrophies which have marked the earth 
with their character were such as to destroy all her then 
living organic creatures, leaving her bereft of her produc- 
tions of this kind, but not barren of the elements to re- 
produce another creation similar in kind under conditions 
similar to those under which the destroyed creation had 
been produced. The time since the last of these catas- 
trophes is brief indeed. The time since there was a sheet 
of ice, miles in thickness, covering the earth from the poles 
far toward the equator is brief, indeed, too brief to supply 
the wants of the Darwinian conception. 

115. All the matter now of the universe, ever was, and 
must ever be. All that is or will be is simply an endless 
panorama of change. 

If by explosion, or otherwise, the earth were to be 
blown to atoms, or changed to a molten or gaseous state, 
so as to end the order of life on earth, such a change 
would be in accord with the law of change, but not in ac- 
cord with the evolvement conception. The commencement 



62 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

of the present order of life on the earth, following the 
last catastrophic cataclysms, was according to the law of 
contact and change, but not necessarily according to the 
evolvement conception. Nor is there anything in the nature 
of " descent with modifications" in these changes. In all 
that we can see, decay and death follow upon and over- 
come development and life. Development, then decay, 
mark the order of change in things. There is no more 
progression in this than there is retrogression; they are 
simply the incidents of the law of eternal motion and 
change. There may be intellectual or Divine design in it 
all, but that design is not set to the evolution conception 
for the reasons stated. We may discover and observe the 
manner of expression by Divinity, or the laws of matter, 
but we may not know the design, nor comprehend the de- 
signer, nor may we comprehend the laws of matter. The 
manner of the expressions thereof, I think, is by contact; 
a creation not in accord with the conception of the Dar- 
winian school. 

116. In my view, the evidence does not justify the 
Darwinian conception, and I would cite, in this particular, 
that the physical man is accumulating more of that which 
is diseased and destructive than that which is preservative 
and healthful. The evidence to support this view is ap- 
palling. I dare say attention has not been especially 
given to it. We do know that the French people have 
received violent shocks by wars and otherwise; that they 
are a very active and highly sensitive nervous people; 
that they are ceasing to multiply; that they are degenerat- 
ing physically, and, as a whole, in all respects they are 
probably the most advanced in the present mental and 



of the Origin of Mankind. 63 

physical diseases referred to by Dr. Nordau. Mental and 
physical disease and degeneracy are now present in an 
alarming degree in all our most advanced people. Our 
so-called advanced civilization, with its inventions and 
discoveries, brings with it more of vice than of virtue, 
more of destruction than of preservation, more of wretch- 
edness than of happiness, more of disease than of health. 

117. There is much to force upon us the impression 
that mankind are now largely the embodied fruits of 
disease and violated laws, and are thereby descending 
through degeneracy to a lower instead of a higher stand- 
ard; and this gives rise to the hope that some discovery 
will be made by which the struggles of life will be ameli- 
orated, so that the actual necessities of life may be easily 
acquired, and thereby lessen the severity of the struggle 
for existence, arrest the decline, cure the taints, and heal 
the wounds of the race, making it practicable to recover 
and rise to better conditions and higher standards. 

118. It is a mistake, I think, to assume that Divine 
or human intelligence is substanceless. It is of matter 
and is matter, refined like the fragrance of a flower. 

The intelligence rising from the connection and con- 
tact of the nerves and brains of the organic man is matter 
refined. While this material, as well as the material of 
which the ether of outer space, electricity, and many other 
things are composed, is such that we are unable to touch, 
handle and dissect the same, yet I think we may right- 
fully presume to declare the fact of the existence thereof, 
the same as we know and declare the fact that time and 
space, matter and the laws thereof, are eternal, without 
limit, without beginning or ending. 



64 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

It is by the connection and contact of the nerves and 
the brains of the organic man that he has his intelligence— 
his spirit. Without this connection he would be idiotic, 
with no intelligence— no immortal spirit. 

This intelligence or spirit is held in and to the organic 
man, and survives the death of the body; as typified by 
the chrysalis— the butterfly of the caterpillar. It is clearly 
seen, I think, that a creature so organized and endowed 
is of Divine origin. 

Results are produced by contacts of matter under the 
dominion of the all-pervading intelligence of the universe; 
and being omnipresent, it results that no life exists inde- 
pendent of it; and the intelligence rising from the con- 
nection and contact of the nerves with the brains of the 
organic man is fruit of such substance, and, like the ether 
of stellar space, and the all-pervading electricity of the 
universe, it is a substance of eternal existence. In har- 
mony therewith, God created man as he is— intelligence of 
His intelligence, spirit of His spirit, substance of His sub- 
stance, and equipped him with organs, forces and powers 
to hold and transmit the same. 

119. Our hope of immortality, I think, has support 
in the fact that our intelligence is of and from the Divine 
or All-comprehensive Intelligence, and that is the immor- 
tal part of us, and having in us become an ego, and fash- 
ioned to a certain identity, accordingly it survives the 
physical death of the earthy body. 

120. The fruits of the earth, gas, oil, coal, metals, 
etc., etc., and the manner of their preparation, all pre- 
ceding the coming of man, go far to impress us with the 
fact that we are creatures of a Designer and a Design, 



of the Origin of Mankind. 65 

notwithstanding the fact that we may be unable to com- 
prehend the Design. 

121. In the sun, I think, there is a seat of exalted 
intelligence with electrical, magnetic and other forces, all 
dominated by an intelligence and laws far beyond our 
comprehension. If the sun were not a seat of material 
intelligence, the order of life on the earth would, I think, 
be limited to inanimate things. 

122. If the sun is a seat of material intelligence, or 
a seat of Divine intelligence, or is a material substance and 
force, in and by which the results shown are produced by 
the Divine Intelligence, it lawfully and orderly results 
that creatures flowing from the contacts of sun and earth 
materials are endowed with more or less of that same in- 
telligence. 

Man being endowed as he is, with the Divine Intelli- 
gence and Spirit, shows the same in a degree somewhat 
commensurate therewith: in his creative genius, in his ac- 
quisition of knowledge of things here, and in the utiliza- 
tion of the matter and forces of those things which are 
placed in his hands here on earth. God, in the universe, 
does things in the universe, and on a larger scale. He is 
the All-comprehensive and dominating Spirit in the uni- 
verse. He created man here on earth in harmony with the 
laws and the forces of matter, and I doubt not that He has 
likewise created other creatures in other regions of higher 
degree, more refined, more ethereal— the seraphim, the 
cherubim, the angels— and all for purposes and designs 
of His own. 

123. The origin, or source, or fountain of an intelli- 
gence comprehensive of numbers is not found in or upon 



66 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

our mother earth, nor is the source of the instinct of her 
lower creatures. Intelligence is not of earthly origin. Its 
unlimited range and possibilities are conclusive proofs, 
I think, of its exalted source. 

In the economy of the Darwinian school they ignore 
the sun, likewise all intelligence save that found in the 
creatures of life on the earth, and they trace this to "he- 
redity and environment," and thus account for its exist- 
ence. While heredity and environment have more or less 
effect upon the living creatures of the earth and their re- 
production and transmission, the assumption that heredity 
and environment are the source or creators of that life is, 
I think, manifestly erroneous. 

124. In short, the Darwinian or monistic conception 
is, I think, a false conception, because it rejects a compre- 
hensive intelligence as an eternal factor in the universe 
and in the life on the earth, and so they of this school take 
their stand on this earth atom in the universe and declare 
that the whole thing runs automatically and without 
the presence of a Comprehensive Intelligence. 

They recognize no intelligence but their own, and 
claim for it a local or earth origin, and that it is its own 
originator and creator, that its beginning is the earth's 
protoplasm and is subsequent to matter and the laws 
thereof. 

125. The conception is shockingly abnormal to the 
ordinary thinker and observer for these reasons: If the 
earth's protoplasm is of that resourceful quality that it 
has originated, created and produced mankind and his in- 
telligence, how are the other bodies of the universe in this 
respect? Our own sun, for instance. Is it not much more 



of the Origin of Mankind. 67 

exalted than the earth, and might it not far excel the earth 
in this respect? 

If intelligence is a quality anywhere in the matter of 
the universe, why not in that of the sun? 

And how is it possible that that quality should not 
be coequal with matter in length of time and both coinci- 
dent and eternal— from no beginning and to no ending? 

126. Over one hundred and fifty years ago Baron 
De Montesque, in his work entitled, "Spirit of Laws," 
gave the following: 

"Laws in their most general signification are the 
necessary relations arising from the nature of things. In 
this sense all beings have their laws, the Deity His laws, 
the material world its laws, the intelligences superior to 
man their laws, the beasts their laws, man his laws. They 
who assert that a blind fatality produced the various 
effects we behold in this world, thought very absurdly, 
for can anything be more unreasonable than to pretend 
that a blind fatality could be productive of intelligent 
beings? There is, then, a primitive reason and laws 
are the relations subsisting between it and different be- 
ings, and the relations of these to one another. God acts 
according to the laws because he knows them." 

127. I think it self-evident that God is not a first 
cause, with matter and laws subsequent thereto, but that 
a Comprehensive Intelligence, God in the universe, with 
matter and the laws thereof, are eternal, ever were and 
ever will be, without beginning and without ending, with 
motion, contact and life as characteristics thereof. 

And so it is that the All-comprehensive Intellect and 
Spirit of the Universe is God, and it is under and by His 
laws— herein referred to as the laws of matter— that He 



68 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

does things in the universe ; that the animalcule are created 
here on earth, the grasshoppers and other large things of 
life are created in the cloud; that the still larger things 
and man were created in the vapor of the last catastrophe 
on earth, and that man was endowed with that distin- 
guished quality of intelligence. 

128. Over seventy years ago, Cuvier, the greatest of 
all the great thinkers and writers on the subject, declared 
and proved to the satisfaction of the scientific world that 
the present order of life on the earth has its origin here 
since the last glacial period, to-wit: since the last catas- 
trophe, and that the catastrophe was such as to destroy 
all life on the earth; that the fossilized and otherwise pre- 
served remains found in Siberia and elsewhere of the ani- 
mal and plant life of a previous period, were of those ex- 
isting prior to the catastrophe; that the catastrophe and 
its work constitute a hiatus between the two periods and 
the living things of the two periods ; that the present order 
of life on the earth does not descend from that existing 
prior to the glacial period; that the present order of life 
on the earth is of an original creation and subsequent to 
the catastrophe with the last glacial as a feature thereof; 
that this catastrophe and this original creation, or gener- 
ation following thereon, occurred not more than ten or 
twelve thousand years ago. 

129. From my observations of the work of the wind 
and water of Puget Sound, in forming sand spits at various 
coves and inlets of the Sound penetrating the small islands 
of Puget Sound, the fills by erosion by the small streams 
flowing into the Sound and the scope of the tide flats, 



of the Origin of Mankind. 69 

etc., I am satisfied of the correctness of the estimate of the 
length of time since the last catastrophe and glacial. 

As late as June, 1903, Professor Hall, secretary of the 
Victoria Institute of London, made the statement that: 
"Not in one single case in the whole of Europe or America 
has a trace of man's existence been found below the only 
deposits which we have a right to assume were developed 
and produced by the great ice period." 

Professor Holmes, aided by a special grant of money 
for that purpose by the Carnegie Institution, declares that 
there is nothing whatever to show that man has been in 
America longer than five or six thousand years. 

130. Professor Winchell declares as follows: "Man 
has no place till after the reign of ice. It has been imag- 
ined that the close of the reign of ice dates back perhaps 
a hundred thousand years. There is no evidence of this. 
The fact is that we ourselves came upon the earth in time 
to witness the retreat of the glacial. They still linger in 
the valleys of the Alps and along the northern shores of 
Europe and Asia. The fact is, that we are not so far out 
of the dust, chaos and barbarism of antiquity as we had 
supposed. The very beginnings of our race are still almost 
in sight. Geological events which, from the force of habit 
in considering them we had imagined to be located far 
back in the history of things, are found to have transpired 
at our very door." 

131. Professor Frederick Wright, Professor Joseph 
Prestevich, and Dr. James, Crole, Professor Roland D. 
Salisbury, Dr. Warren Upham, and many others among 
the leading scientists of the day, have recently voiced much 



70 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the same views; none of them claiming more than twelve 
thousand years since man's arrival on this earth. 

132. In my judgment the evidence is overwhelming 
and conclusive that man is a recent comer on earth, and at 
the closing of the last catastrophe, and within ten thou- 
sand years of this time— and there is no evidence to the 
contrary. 

133. As to Cuvier and his teachings, I here now sub- 
mit some statements of Professor Haeckel, one of the most 
ardent advocates of the Darwinian or monistic conception, 
from his History of Creation, Vol. I, page 57: 

"In Cuvier 's celebrated work On the Fossil Bones of 
Vertebrate Animals— principally of mammals and reptiles 
—we see that he had already arrived at the knowledge of 
some very important and general palseontological laws 
which are of great consequence to the history of creation. 
Formost among them stands the assertion that the ex- 
tinct species of animals whose remains we find petrified in 
the different strata of the earth's crust, lying one above 
another, differ all the more strikingly from the still living 
kindred species of animals the deeper those strata lie- 
in other words, the earlier the animals lived in past ages. 
In fact, in every perpendicular section of the stratified 
crust of the earth we find that the different strata, de- 
posited by the water in a certain historical succession, are 
characterized by different petrifactions, and that these ex- 
tinct organisms become more like those of the present day, 
the higher the strata lie; in other words, the more recent 
the period in the earth's history in which they lived, died, 
and became encrusted by the deposited and hardened 
strata of mud. 

"However important this general observation of 
Cuvier 's was in one sense, yet in another it became to him 
the source of a very serious error. For, as he considered 



of the Origin of Mankind. 71 

the characteristic petrifactions of each individual group 
of strata (which had been deposited during one main 
period of the earth's history) to be entirely different from 
those of the strata lying above or below, and as he errone- 
ously believed that one and the same species of animal 
was never found in two succeeding groups of strata, he 
arrived at the false idea, which was accepted as a law by 
most subsequent naturalists, that a series of quite distinct 
periods of creation had succeeded one and another. Each 
period was supposed to have had its specific animal and 
vegetable world, each its peculiar specific fauna and flora. 

"Cuvier imagined that the whole history of the earth's 
crust since the time of living creatures had first appeared 
on the surface, must be divided into a number of perfectly 
distinct periods or divisions of time, and that the indi- 
vidual periods must have been separated from one another 
by peculiar revolutions of an unknown nature. (Cataclysms 
or catastrophes.) Each revolution was followed by the 
utter annihilation of the till then existing animals and 
plants, and after its termination, a completely new crea- 
tion of organic forms took place. A new world of animals 
and plants, absolutely and specifically distinct from those 
of the preceding historical periods, was called into exist- 
ence at once, and now again peopled the globe for thou- 
sands of years, till it again perished suddenly in the crash 
of a new revolution. 

About the nature and causes of these revolutions, 
Cuvier expressly says: That no idea could be formed, and 
that the present active forces in nature were not sufficient 
for their explanation. Cuvier points out four active 
causes as the natural forces, or mechanical agents, at pres- 
ent constantly but slowly at work in changing the earth's 
surface : First— Rain, which washes down the steep moun- 
tain slopes and heaps up debris at their foot. Secondly— 



72 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

Flowing waters, which carry away this debris and deposit 
it as mud in stagnant waters. Thirdly— The sea, whose 
breakers gnaw at the steep sea coasts and throw up 
"dunes" on the flat sea margins. Finally and fourthly— 
Volcanoes, which break through and heave up the strata 
of the earth's hardened crust, and pile up and scatter 
about the products of their eruptions. While Cuvier rec- 
ognizes the constant slow transformation of the present 
surface of the earth by these four mighty causes, he as- 
serts, at the same time, that they would not have sufficed 
to effect the revolutions of the remote ages, and that the 
anatomical structure of the earth's surface cannot be ex- 
plained by the necessary action of those mechanical agents : 
the great and marvelous revolutions of the whole earth's 
surface must, according to him, have been rather the ef- 
fects of very peculiar causes, completely unknown to us: 
the usual thread of development was broken by them, and 
the course of nature altered. 

These views Cuvier explained in a special work 'On 
the Revolutions of the Earth's Surface, and the Changes 
Which They Have Wrought in the Animal World.' They 
were maintained, and generally accepted for a long time, 
and became the greatest obstacle to the development of a 
natural history of creation. For if all such all-destructive 
revolutions had actually occurred, of course a continuity of 
the development of species, a connecting thread, in the or- 
ganic history of the earth could not be admitted at all, 
and we should be obliged to have recourse to the action of 
supernatural forces ; that is, to the interference of miracles 
in the natural course of things. It is only through miracles 
that these revolutions of the earth could have been brought 
about, and it is only through miracles that, after their 
cessation and at the commencement of each new period, a 



of the Origin of Mankind. 73 

new animal and vegetable kingdom could have been created. 
But science has no room for miracles, for by miracles we 
understand an interference of supernatural forces in the 
natural course of development of matter." 

134. These views of Cuvier, so criticised by Haeckel, 
were set forth, scrutinized, proved and established in the 
University of Paris in a lengthy and elaborate presentation 
of the facts as shown by the geological records, and in 
the presence and scrutiny of the leading scientists and 
savants of Europe, including the learned Geoffrey, who 
was there testing and questioning throughout. There was 
no thought nor expression there of anything wrought by 
miracles; so that Professor Haeckel's assumption that the 
views of Cuvier rest upon miracles is not only unfounded, 
but very far-fetched. Yet such is the only argument that 
has ever yet been brought against the facts upon which 
the conclusions of Cuvier rest, 

135. I take it, that none would be justified in assum- 
ing that the presence of the mountain chains of the earth 
were by miracles, nor that the dead animals of the pre- 
glacial period, now found in the ice of the now frigid 
zones, are there by miracles, nor that the piled-up bones 
of marine animals of a past period which are found in 
the ocean's bottom are there by miracles, nor that the fos- 
silized remains of animals and plants of the pre-glacial 
period are so preserved, nor that the phosphate beds which 
are composed of the piled-up dead animals of the pre- 
glacial period were the result of miracles, nor that the 
earthquakes and volcanoes are by miracles, nor that the 
generation or creation of fever germs, microbes and ani- 
malcule, now constantly going on, are the result of miracles. 



74 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

Yet they are in no sense any less miraculous than 
the cataclysm or catastrophe which marks the end of one 
period and the beginning of another. That they are all 
alike by due process of law is self-evident. 

136. The conclusions maintained by Cuvier are 
founded upon the indubitable and indisputable facts 
shown by the record of events. 

137. The likeness of Cuvier 's head, as shown in Vol. 
2, "International Library of References," and elsewhere, 
and the phenomenal intellect of Cuvier, as shown by his 
writings and teachings, and the historical accounts of the 
man and his works, show him, I think, to be by large odds 
the superior in point of intellect and knowledge to both 
Darwin and Haeckel. 

138. That there should be an orderly system in the 
universe without any mind intelligence is intolerable. 

That the earth and the creature man should be the 
monopolists of intelligence, or that the earth should be the 
only fount or the only producer thereof, is likewise intol- 
erable. 

That the intelligence with which mankind is endowed 
is in no way a part of or from that exalted intelligence 
by which the universe is ordered is likewise intolerable 
and unacceptable to the ordinary thinker and observer. 

139. As to the original creation or generation of man- 
kind on the earth: That Cuvier 's way and time of his 
coming is miraculous and that HaeckeFs way and time of 
his coming would not be miraculous is, I think, a baseless 
assumption. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 75 

140. The way and time, as stated by Cuvier, is by 
due and orderly process of law, and I think is clearly seen 
in the now conceded facts. 

141. It is conceded, I take it, that of the lower 
orders of life— germs, animalcule, etc.— that continuous 
original creation or generation thereof is constantly going 
on. 

142. That a higher order of life is generated or 
created in the clouds when held long in contact with the 
sun's rays. 

143. It follows, I think, that by the same law the 
present order of life on the earth had its origin in the 
vapors enveloping the earth in the last catastrophe, and 
of which the glacial was a feature. 

144. It is difficult to find words by which to ade- 
quately express and convey one's meaning to the mind of 
the ordinary thinker and observer in the discussion of this 
subject. Scientific people have for themselves coined a 
great many new words by which they are able to more 
readily and intelligently express their views to each other, 
while those not familiar therewith must get along with 
the common language. 

145. I here present two letters to Dr. Jordan, Presi- 
dent of Stanford University, and his replies thereto. They 
may aid somewhat in conveying my meaning, and also 
show with what tenacity those of the Darwinian school 
cling to their conception : 



76 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

Tacoma, Washington, March 2, 1904. 
Mr. David Starr Jordan, 

President Stanford University, 
California. 

Dear Sir: I have just finished reading your "Foot 
Notes to Evolution," sent to me by my daughter, now at 
Stanford. I am constrained to submit a few brief notes 
on the subject for your consideration. They are as follows : 

Agassiz— as you state— said that "Facts are stupid 
things until brought into connection with some general 
law." 

I think this is quite true and pertinent in the field 
of scientific thought. 

It is likewise a true and pertinent fact, I think, that 
the forces and the intelligence in the regions beyond the 
earth are so far beyond the scope of our understanding 
that we are unable to correctly measure them by the meas- 
ures known to us here, and it results that our wisest men 
are prone to erroneous conceptions and conclusions touch- 
ing the things beyond their immediate environment. 

To illustrate: It is known to us that the sun radiates 
much heat, and, measured by our measurements and knowl- 
edge of things here, it would follow that the sun must be 
constantly fed with fuel to counterbalance this radiation 
of heat, else exhaustion would follow; and our wise men 
have accordingly asserted this rule of consumption and 
supply for the sun, and have attempted in various ways 
to supply the necessary fuel for this conception. Yet it is 
evident that no such rule prevails in the sun and that the 
fact we behold fits no such rule in the sun, and that the 
forces and intelligence thereof are far beyond our under- 
standing. Yet while we have an intelligence and percep- 
tion vague and dim, it is nevertheless in a measure unlim- 
ited in its possibilities. This, I think, is strong evidence 
that it comes from a higher source than the earth. 

To further illustrate: Radium, as we get it here on 



of the Origin of Mankind. 77 

the earth is, I think, just so much of the sun's elements 
which retains or carries with it the sun's characteristics, 
viz. : it radiates heat without exhaustion, and shows many 
other characteristics, which seem to be violative of what 
we thought we knew to be fixed law, and shows that our 
knowledge of things here constitutes an insufficient if not 
a misleading guide for things beyond our immediate en- 
vironment. 

Now, return to the statement made by Agassiz that 
facts are stupid things until brought into connection with 
some general law. 

I here now present such a fact, and it is one that I 
think deserves consideration by our scientific people, to- 
wit: the fact that living things do at times come down 
with the rain. In the County of Stark, State of Ohio, 
some years since, I witnessed a shower of rain and small 
toads. The toads were perfectly formed and hopped 
around on the ground; the rain and toads spread over a 
considerable scope of country; they were empty, quite 
light, and about the size of a honey bee, not so plump. 
These were undoubtedly original creations, because there 
were not before then any such specimens known to exist 
on the face of the earth, nor are there any such now, 
none of them surviving to perpetuate their existence; be- 
sides, the rising vapor cannot be loaded with any such 
freight. They were generated in the cloud, which had, 
doubtless, been held long in contact with the sun's rays. 
Showing, as I think, that by contact of the vapor of the 
clouds with the sun's rays, original creation of organic 
life results. The fact that living creatures come down 
with the rain is a common fact, and I know it to be the 
truth in all such instances brought to my attention, that 
the things so brought into life are different from any 
others, and really constitute a new variety. The wise 
men, by reason of their environment and education, cannot 
see their way to accept this fact/ 



78 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

It is only one hundred years ago that they, in like 
manner, could not see their way to accept the fact that 
meteoric rock came from space to the earth, and they em- 
phatically denied it till forced by the unlearned to accept 
the fact; then they adjusted their education to the fact. 
Just so, I think, with the fact of original generation in 
the cloud or earth vapor, long in contact with the sun's 
rays, and when the scientific people are compelled to ac- 
cept this fact, they will adjust therewith and necessarily 
drop that dreary conception of the origin and descent of 
species projected by Darwin. 

Cuvier 's, I think, was the brightest intellect that ever 
illuminated the pathway of science. His conception of 
catastrophes and new creations thereafter is, in my opin, 
ion, the correct one, and is susceptible of absolute proof. 
Darwin concedes that there has been no material change 
in the species since the last glacial, except by the domesti- 
cation of some animals, and the extinction of some others. 
It seems to be a self-evident fact that a condition of the 
elements productive of the vapor necessary to the making 
of the rain and ice of the glacier that capped both poles, 
and reached far toward the equator, was destructive of 
all life on the earth; and that such extraordinary condi- 
tion of vapor constituted the womb wherein the extraor- 
dinary creation we now have followed by the sun's con- 
tact therewith, being extraordinary in the same proportion 
that the conditions then present were extraordinary. 

Cuvier thought, and I believe correctly, that the pres- 
ent period covers from six to ten thousand years only; 
that is to say, that such is the length of time since the last 
glacier— the last catastrophe— the last original extraor- 
dinary creation. There is strong proof of this in the work 
done by the action of the wind and water in and around 
the islands and coves of Puget Sound, since the last 
glacier. In the Cuvier conception of new and original 
creations, the homology, or things in common throughout 



of the Origin of Mankind. 79 

the whole scope of organic life on the earth is accounted 
for in the fact that all are produced from the same mater- 
ials, under the same laws and Architect or Designer, and it 
follows therefrom that it could not be otherwise. 

In the Darwinian conception much importance is given 
to the facts pertaining to embryology. These facts, from 
my scrutiny of the human embryo and foetus in all stages 
of its existence are, I think, much overstated in the books 
supporting the Darwinian conception. The assumption 
that the embryo repeats the Darwinian history in its period 
of gestation is not true. The fact that the material held 
and supplied to the formation of the foetus is held in a 
form resembling an anterior projection thereto, is far from 
being evidence of a tail to the embryo, and the fact that 
this assumed tail can be traced to the formation of the 
lower end of the spinal column of the foetus is to my mind 
conclusive evidence against the Darwinian assumption of 
an actual tail to the embryo. 

The fact that I have here presented, to-wit: that liv- 
ing things come down with the rain, ceases to be a stupid 
fact when brought into connection with the general law 
that all life springs from contact of different elements. In 
the matter of reproduction by sexual process, we see the 
result of the forces obedient to the law. This seems simple 
to us because it is so common to us. In the contact of the 
sun's rays with the still water on the earth we see the 
result of the forces under this law in the life thereby 
brought into existence in the water so exposed. In the 
contact of the sun's rays with the vapor of the cloud held 
long exposed thereto, we see the result of the forces there 
held under this law, in the creation of a higher order of 
life, such as comes down with the rain, and it is by these 
revelations that we are carried back to the conditions pres- 
ent in the last catastrophe, when one-third or one-half of 
all the water of the oceans was sent up in vapor out of 
which glaciers were formed which capped both poles with 



80 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the covering of ice reaching far toward the equator; the 
immense mass of vapor then enveloping the earth and re- 
maining warm at the equator constituted the womb of the 
earth, and in contact with the sun's rays; by the forces 
then and there present, obedient to the same law, we have 
the origin of the present order of life on the earth. 

These catastrophes doubtless were produced by cracks 
in the earth's crust in the mountain-making process, 
whereby the endless heat in and under the earth's crust 
was brought into contact with the endless water of the 
ocean. While there was doubtless some sort of design in 
the scheme, there was no miracle in it. In the Cuvier 
conception there is a place for a Comprehensive Intelli- 
gence—God — in the affairs of the universe. But in the 
Darwinian conception there is no such place; everything 
is its own creator, and Haeckel and nearly all the now 
supporters of the Darwinian conception insist on running 
the universe without a God. 

Respectfully submitted, 

John C. Stalloup. 
Stanford University, Cal., March 8, 1904. 

Mr. John C. Stallcup, 

Equitable Building, 

Tacoma, Washington. 

Dear Sir : Please accept my thanks for your very in- 
teresting letter. I am sorry that I cannot agree with your 
conclusions, however interesting and ingenious I may find 
them. 

I think it is true that the special workers in science, 
while they are not able to understand forces, that is, to 
translate them into terms of ordinary experience, yet they 
come very much nearer doing so than is generally under- 
stood. It is not thought that the sun radiates energy with- 
out securing it from some other source, but there are 
many other sources than combustion, as for instance, 



of the Origin of Mankind. 81 

shrinkage or electric action. "We have no reason to believe 
that radium sends out heat without exhaustion. It is 
pretty well known that it sends out three different kinds 
of activity, and so far as it sends them out, it doubtless 
loses them. So far from the nature of radium disproving 
what we thought to be a fixed law, it furnishes additional 
testimony in the same direction. It is true that young 
toads and tadpoles have come down from the skies in the 
rain. It is also true that in every case where these have 
been examined, the species are identical with those found 
in the neighborhood, and their ascent into the air is doubt- 
less due to cyclones. So far as this matter has been inves- 
tigated, there is no reason for having any other view of 
the case. Meteoric rock has been shown to come from 
masses of debris traveling about the sun, but the living 
animals are always of a kind found in the immediate neigh- 
borhood. 

I should not take it as self-evident that the glacial 
period was destructive of all life on the earth. The con- 
ditions away from the foot of the glaciers were not very 
different from the conditions at present. 

The statement that the embryo repeats the history of 
the race is true as a general rule, but with numerous mod- 
ifications. Wherever, for any reason, it is not to the ad- 
vantage of the specie thus to repeat itself, natural selec- 
tion has altered it. 

It is the general belief of geologists that catastrophes, 
in the sense in which Cuvier understood them, altering 
the face of the earth on a very large scale, have not oc- 
curred. 

The movement of life has proceeded very evenly as a 
whole, though much interrupted in individual localities. 

Very truly yours, 

David S. Jordan. 



82 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

Tacoma, Washington, April 12, 1904. 

My Dear Dr. Jordan: 

I wish to say a word or so in reply to your very 
kind and courteous letter of the 8th ultimo. 

In effect, I think you therein admit the basic fact of 
my position. By the life produced by the sun's force upon 
the still water of the earth we see the presence and force 
of the general law I aim to bring to your attention. It is 
under this same law that the life in the cloud vapor occurs. 
I think. When you admit the fact that living things come 
down with the rain, you thereby admit the basic fact, and 
therewith the law of my whole case— because rain is of 
condensed vapor— and not of water picked up by cyclonic 
action. I don't write this letter for the purpose of pro- 
voking further discussion, but to get you to thinking away 
from your present conceptions and in a direction where I 
think there is much of value to be discovered. 

I think the Darwinian conception is entirely false and 
constitutes a bar on which many of our best thinkers are 
stranded. I write really to state one or two startling facts 
in the hope that I may thereby jar you off the bar. 

They are facts in harmony with that same general law 
above referred to. It is a fact that our locusts and grass- 
hoppers are originated in the upper atmosphere or cloud, 
and come down from there to the earth; that every locust 
or grasshopper plague that has ever visited any locality 
on the earth, the locust or grasshoppers have come in this 
way, and in each instance the product is original and not 
like the others, though similar thereto. Where the condi- 
tions are favorable they remain and propagate, but always 
become diminished in numbers. Some time in the future 
these facts will be seen and universally conceded— prob- 
ably not in my time, however. 

It is plainly seen, I think, that the living things of 
earth spring as a result or expression from the contact 



of the Origin of Mankind. 83 

occurring by the energy and motion of matter— so in the 
original production as well as in the sexual reproduction 
thereof. 

Such life had a beginning— an origin. This, I be- 
lieve, is near at hand, and not buried out of sight in the 
fathomless depths of the endless past of time. 

Ordinary original generation proceeds all the time 
here on the earth wherever the sun shines with sufficient 
force and contacts. 

In Brazil this is clearly seen in the lower orders of 
life there, because of the great moisture and sun force 
present. 

By the same law that ordinary generation occurs un- 
der ordinary conditions, extraordinary generation occurs 
under extraordinary conditions, such as were coincident 
with the catastrophes. If the race ever attains to the mil- 
lenium state, it will be when we have learned how to main- 
tain our existence with little or no effort, so that strife 
in a measure will cease and money lose its power — and 
when we have learned to regulate the matter of propagat- 
ing the race and cease to propagate degenerate stock. The 
Darwinian way leads not to this millenium. I think the 
new light by which we are to progress is in a better under- 
standing of the sun, its qualities and forces. I would turn 
the thinkers and investigators in that direction. I would 
favor governmental appropriations to maintain a commis- 
sion of the best scientists permanently to investigate the 
forces of the earth and sun. 

Jesus Christ was, I think, of the Essene sect, and an 
observer of the qualities of the herbs and forces of the sun. 
The sun itself is, I believe, a seat of Exalted Intelligence. 

I think the whole evolution conception is a fallacy. I 
enclose an extract from my views on that subject written 
some years since. The Darwinian conception is too barren 
to even account for the worms found in the bowels of 



84 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

babes, and the assumption thereof touching the sexes seems 
in violation of all fact and law touching those organs. 

The people of Korea are today degenerate and im- 
becile, while three thousand years ago they were, on the 
contrary, strong and vigorous. So it is in a measure with 
all people — old in civilization. There is an infinite variety 
in the order of life on the earth. There is no proof that 
any one of the larger or extraordinary species existed 
prior to the others thereof, but all go to prove that they 
were by synchronal expression of the creative forces. The 
little we know seems to darken instead of lightening our 
way to that which may be known. 

The conditions upon the earth when it was enclosed 
by the vapor from which the glaciers were formed were 
such, I think, as to obliterate all life, and before the ice 
was formed, because thereby the sun's force, which is es- 
sential to the maintenance of life on the earth, was shut 
off by the dense vapor. 

Truly yours, 

John C. Stallcup. 

Stanford University, Cal., April 5, 1904. 
Hon. John C. Stallcup, 

Equitable Building, 

Tacoma, Washington. 
Dear Sir: I am afraid that our points of view are so 
different that we can hardly appreciate the force of each 
other's arguments. Every experiment directed towards the 
investigation of spontaneous generation has failed to show 
even a probability of its existence. As to the other matters, 
I should agree with you as to some things and question the 
facts as to others. 

Please accept my thanks for your very interesting 
pamphlet, which I have read with much pleasure. 

Very truly yours, 

David S. Jordan. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 85 

In this connection I note the fact that the scientists 
state, and I believe all concede, that it required a third 
to a half of all the water of the oceans of the earth to 
produce the last glacier, which formed that ice covering 
of the earth, which capped each pole and extended in 
great thickness well nigh to the equator. 

The fact that calculations have been made by those 
competent, I believe, and it is thereby shown that when 
that much water was up in the form of vapor and cloud 
enveloping the earth, that the depth and density thereof 
were such as to shut out the light and force of the sun 
from the earth, so that the earth itself was wrapped in 
pitch darkness till that great volume of moisture cooled, 
condensed, and fell in the rain, snow and ice that formed 
that glacier. 

The fact that the remaining tracks of the glacier do 
not tell how much farther toward the equator the glacier 
extended, yet it is evident that the sun thawed off much 
of the foot of the glacier before its movements there were 
such as to leave any remaining tracks or evidence of its 
presence there. And the fact that the planets have never 
varied a second of time in their journeys around the sun, 
and this I take as evidence conclusive that the sun's force 
is constant, without increase or decrease in heat or force 
of any kind. 

146. The characteristic of infinite variety in things 
is present throughout the earth and universe as well. We 
see the same similitude yet variety in the weeds, the grasses 
and the herbs, with their great variety in medicinal and 
other qualities; why not the same with animals and man; 



86 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

such seems to be the manner of expression under the eternal 
laws of the universe. And there is nothing to show that 
the lines of distinction between the vegetable and animal 
kingdoms were not always as marked as they are now, 
nor is there anything to show that there ever was, during 
this period, any less variety of families or species than now 
in either. 

147. The seed of life is in the mother earth, prob- 
ably in that portion impregnated with the elements of the 
oceans' water and the earth's internal heat; the sun's 
contact therewith is what brings forth life and living 
things, and there is no more mystery in this than in the 
ordinary contact of insects, animals and man, which lead 
to and produce conception and life. And such life is 
fashioned by the conditions of the elements attending. 
This characteristic seems to be marked and emblazoned in 
glaring colors in all the records of our earth of past and 
present time. 

148. Natural laws, laws of force, of space, of matter, 
of time, mathematical truths and principles, are eternal; 
they ever were along and co-existent with time, space and 
matter. 

149. It seems that man is a recent comer here; but 
yesterday he did not exist upon this earth nor anywhere 
else, so far as we can know; there is no record of him in 
the geological records of the past periods of the earth's 
career. This is really the morning of the first day of his 
existence here or anywhere. Counting a geological period 
a day, it is possible that this may be the last day of his 
existence here or anywhere; for doubtless this earth will 
meet with another catastrophe in which her creatures 



of the Origin of Mankind. 87 

will perish, and the new creation which will follow will 
be in accord with the elements and conditions then present. 

150. The grandest specimen of that expression here 
then of the contacts of matter under the laws may be 
inferior to the present man and it may be superior to 
him. In this great machinery of the universe, held to- 
gether and run by these laws, laws co-existent with time 
and space, where is the Divine Intelligence? And is there 
any cord of sympathy between that and man? We search 
for it in the wake of the cyclone and the earthquake, in 
the prisons for those bereft of reason and hope, in the 
groans of the tortured, in the roaring ocean, in the starry 
night, in the records of our mother earth, but in vain. 
These, and all that we can see or find are dumb subjects 
of relentless and eternal laws, and know not pity nor sym- 
pathy. Laws unknown and unknowable— before which 
man and all creatures of the earth, from the king on his 
throne to the spider in his web, struggle for the main- 
tenance of their frail existence. 

151. If there is nothing of man but that which he 
acquired from the earth, his death is the final end, but if 
his intelligence is from a higher fountain, that fact, and 
that alone, supports our hope in an immortality to which 
that intelligence survives the death of the body. 

152. In each production of man, whether in the 
original creation or the subsequent repetition of a similar 
process by man in his own sexual operations, a new iden- 
tity is produced, an identity which did not before exist. 
It would seem that when these materials bloom and decay 
and again go into the boundless sea of matter, that this 
identity is lost; the same with man as with any other 



88 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

thing; the dewdrop, the rainbow, the insect, the animal 
and man; all seem doomed to lose their identity in the 
destruction of the life thereof, of which there is no re- 
traction, unless this intelligence with which he is endowed 
is of Divine origin and immortal, and is of that great 
Divine quality— without beginning or without ending. 

153. Man finds himself in a struggle to maintain 
his existence, and this is done by selfish action; for sel- 
fishness in this struggle is essential to his existence. It 
is not in violation of law, but in accord with the law of 
self-preservation. Man in his present environment cannot 
get away from the dominion of this law any more than 
a rattlesnake can get away from his rattles and his fangs 
of poison. The hope that man will learn to give his 
cloak to him who has taken his coat seems vain and de- 
lusive; in his attempt to do so he sacrifices himself upon 
the altar of a beautiful ideality. 

154. Man cannot avoid this struggle for existence, 
for he cannot as yet change the conditions around him, 
ameliorate the severity of the struggle, nor annul the laws 
of his being. By these laws and conditions exertion is 
necessary to his existence and he is likewise by the same 
laws impelled to that exertion. So long as this remains 
as it now is, selfishness and dominion are unavoidable, and 
of necessity are characteristics of man's actions; with the 
rule referred to, as an ideality, the exact opposite of the 
reality. Not until great exertion ceases to be necessary to 
existence can the character of the struggle be changed; 
it may become more refined and less barbarous, but never 
changed in its real character so long as man remains in 
his present environment— so because his frailties and 



of the Origin of Mankind. 89 

necessities are such that he cannot rise to that high con- 
ception taught by Jesus Christ. 

155. As against the assumption that man is endowed 
with a Divine Intelligence, which is immortal and sur- 
vives the death of the body, and that he is a creature of 
design by a Divine Intelligence, it is sometimes argued 
that God cannot consistently be the author of a race 
fraught with such evil, suffering, torture and disaster as 
we see existing among the races of mankind on the earth. 
But, as I view it, such arguments are superficial and un- 
tenable. 

156. While the races of mankind as a whole, under 
present conditions, are too frail to rise to the higher vir- 
tues in their actions toward each other, it does not follow 
that there is no balm of Gilead anywhere for the wounds 
received in the struggles prevailing here. If we look 
deeper into the proposition we may see that without sorrow 
there would be no joy, without weariness there would be 
no rest, without impediment or adversity there would be 
no effort, and without effort there could be no achieve- 
ment—besides, we may not know the full philosophy of 
the scheme of the Designer of the races of mankind on 
this earth— His immortality, His intelligence, may be 
gathered to another and more exalted planet, nearer the 
sun— like Venus— or to a less exalted one farther from the 
sun— like Mars. 

157. Time, space, force, matter, and the laws thereof 
are without beginning and without ending, and it results 
that Divine and human intelligence are likewise without 
beginning and without ending. 



90 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

158. It seems unfortunate that we were not created 
higher or lower beings, for as we are now we have per- 
ception and consciousness to make us weary of our state. 
If we were of a lower degree, more like the animals, we 
would be unconscious of our insignificance and would bask 
without dread in our momentary existence, untroubled by 
the light which now flickers in our intelligence. We seem 
to be 

" Half dust, half deity, 

Alike unfit to sink or soar." 

Yet it may be that the philosophy of the scheme of man- 
kind is found in this peculiar character and the trials and 
struggles which thereby beset us here. 

159. The intellect of man revels in regions beyond 
the earth. It feeds on an imaginery diet; with wings of 
imagination it flees from earth to heaven; from the real 
earth to the ideal heaven. It grasps the opposite of its 
distress; its domain is in the real and the ideal worlds; 
in the ideal world it finds balm for the wounds of the 
real world. 

Man is the only creature on this earth that stands 
in need of this ideal balm. Life is made endurable there- 
by. The intellect for its own preservation exists upon 
this balm, this hope— they are its diet. To beautify the 
ugly things of the real world it flees to the ideal. As I 
have said, the intellect grasps the opposite, the counter- 
part of its distress. 

In its ideal domain there is a balm for the distresses 
of its real domain, and it is by this trait, peculiar to the 
intellect of man, that he knocks at the ideal doors of an 
ideal heaven and of an ideal life eternal. And by these 



of the Origin of Mankind. 91 

ideal props thus erected, he endures much and weathers 
many storms and tortures. When he is adrift on a plank, 
in the storm of the ocean, he sees the fire of his hearth and 
feels the love of his kindred, and they fire his hopes. When 
he is burning with fever and perishing in its fires, rosy 
health comes to his vision and buoys him in his struggle. 
In his ignorance, the roar of the thunder, the flash of 
the lightning, the storm, and the earthquake terrify him, 
and in his fear and helplessness he invokes the protec- 
tion and comfort of a God, superior to all elements and 
all evils. Likewise, in his education and sympathy, in 
the contemplation of the wretchedness of humanity here, 
he sees the counterpart in a blissful restful life hereafter 
in the care of the Divine Protector; ever seeking that 
which exists somewhere beyond. 

160. The intellect by which he carries on the struggle 
for his brief existence here, by which he observes the 
workings of the laws of the universe, measures and weighs 
the planets, tells the orbits thereof, the hour of their 
coming and going, and contemplates the things beyond 
the scope of his power, has its origin from a source higher 
than the earth. "What springs from earth dissolves to 
earth again, and heaven-born things fly to their native 
seat." There is no annihilation of any matter of the 
universe, and it follows by the same law that there is no 
annihilation of any of the intelligence of the universe. 

161. As at present conditioned, the human race seems 
to be too frail to successfully maintain the democratic 
conception of government for any great length of time in 
any of the national subdivisions of the race. This is so 
because of the fact that, notwithstanding the greatest pos- 



92 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

sible distribution of power is made to begin with, it will, 
as time goes on, gravitate to centralization, when those 
who so hold and control the power nse it against those 
who do not control it, and so it accordingly becomes more 
and more unequal and oppressive; because we are sur- 
rounded by all kinds of possible dangers and disasters 
and are continually fortifying in fear of the same. 

The Christ conception is likewise a standard of ex- 
cellence too high for successful maintenance by the race 
under present conditions. If the race ever attains to these 
high standards of excellence, I think it will be because 
of favorable changes in the conditions now present, and 
by the discovery of ways and means to lessen the severity 
of the struggle to maintain life and enjoy the comforts 
thereof. 

162. It is only by the catastrophic theory that we 
can account for the marked periods of the earth's crust 
and the mountains thereof. The remains of the creatures 
of life, of each period, the condition of the hairy elephants 
in the ice of Siberia, the covering over of the forests of 
ferns, etc., of those periods which formed our coal beds, 
and the phospate beds of South Carolina, Georgia and 
Florida, formed from the bones and flesh of those gigantic 
animals of a past period. 

163. The Precession theory, which is that the earth 
turns one pole to the sun, and then back again, turning 
the other pole to the sun, thus leaving the north end to 
cool while the south end is warming, and the south end 
to cool while the north end is warming, has never been 
recognized nor accepted and in no way comprehends nor 
accounts for the geological facts herein referred to. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 93 

164. The rule of Bacon known as the inductive 
process of reasoning is a good enough rule when not re- 
stricted. I would state the rule thus : All truths harmonize 
and constitute an illimitable whole, each kindred to and 
connected with the others. 

So when a proposition seems in accord with all we 
know we should be inclined to accept it as correct; and I 
would hunt out truth by no arbitrary rule, but by a per- 
ception aided by types and all things else that would 
quicken it to a penetration into the workings of the eternal 
laws of eternal matter, in the illimitable domain of space 
and time. 

165. Life on this earth in the various forms we find 
it, transmits itself according to the law that like begets 
like, subject to the law by which there is a continuous 
change in the conditions of matter. Sometimes this trans- 
mission of life seems to be in what we call a progressive 
channel, at other times, retrogressive, but these deviations 
are always within limits, within such limits that no old 
species loses itself in a new one. 

166. At times these creatures of a brief conscious 
identity seem favored by happy conditions for a while, 
and then there is an apparent advancement or develop- 
ment, but the end is soon reached and the same in the ret- 
rograde movement produced by unfavorable conditions; in 
short, it is not shown that any creature class, any specie 
of living creatures ever evolved out of and beyond so 
as to lose itself in some other distinct species. The ass and 
the horse are sufficiently similar to mingle and produce 
the mongrel, the mule, somewhat different from the ass 



94 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

or the horse, but there the limit is struck, for such off- 
spring is sterile, and so it is in a measure throughout. 

167. Certain conditions will improve or degrade the 
horse or the ass, but they will remain horse and ass to 
the end, for the one step toward setting him out of or 
beyond this limit raises a barrier to such a thing. 

While this is beyond human understanding, to my 
mind it is a strong denial of the Darwinian theory of the 
"origin and descent" of man. 

168. When we consider what an insignificant part 
our mother earth is of the solar system (without looking 
beyond), the assumption that mankind are the headlights 
and monopolists of all identified intelligence must appear 
to be an absurd and erroneous assumption, especially in 
view of the fact that such intelligence is incapable of 
comprehending any of the laws and but few of the facts 
pertaining to the things around us. I presume, however, 
that the ant in his hill holds too much the same kind of 
assumption relative to his superiors, and accordingly as- 
sumes that man and larger objects are creatures of motion, 
but without intelligence; much after man's present con- 
ception of the bodies of space within his observation. 
That a thing has an identity in life is evidenced by the 
fact that that thing possesses force with the power of a 
discriminating exercise thereof. Intelligence is an at- 
tribute of all matter that has such an identity in life. A 
thing that has an existence in and of itself, possessed of 
vital force in and of the life of the matter composing it, 
is a thing of life and of intelligence. I deny that such 
life, such intelligence, is limited to the creatures that in- 
habit the earth. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 95 

- 169. The intelligence of Kepler by many years of 
labor, thought and observation, discovered some deeply 
hidden facts relative to force as exercised by the sun 
upon the planets of his system, viz. : that a line connecting 
the center of the earth with the center of the sun, passes 
over equal spaces at equal times; also, that the squares 
of the times of revolution . of the planets about the sun 
are proportionate to the cubes of the mean distance from 
the sun. The fact that the keenest and brightest specimen 
of man's intellect under the most favorable conditions was 
scarcely able to penetrate to and grasp these truths relat- 
ing to the running force of the solar system, is strong 
proof that these truths so discovered and relating to that 
system of things so superior to man and the earth, are 
but a few of the many other truths kindred thereto exist- 
ing in that exalted system, but yet out of the range of 
man's intelligence; and is also proof that the intellect of 
man is kindred to the intellect of that system, and that 
it is by this kindred character that his intellect is capable 
of comprehending some of the truths and intelligence of 
that superior realm of superior intelligence. So, may it 
not be true that there is intelligence abundantly superior 
to the intelligence of man; that the sun of our system is 
an abiding place of such superior intelligence, and that 
the intellect of man has its origin therefrom! The fact 
that all matter of an identity in life is possessed of an 
intelligence as an attribute of that life, is proof that intel- 
ligence comes by the contact by which that life is pro- 
duced, and is of that life. It would seem that if the 
creature man on this planet had caught a touch of what 
we call intelligence then the sun, the center and source of 



96 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

the force and life of the solar system, should not be void 
of this quality, but that it must not only possess it, but 
in an eminent degree, and likewise all other suns and 
centers of systems, and that such are the abiding places or 
seats of intelligence. That from such sources it is given 
forth; the life-giving properties of these central bodies 
are given forth to all things in contact therewith; that 
life and intelligence are one and inseparable and flow 
together as one. The difference in intelligence of different 
things is measured by the difference in the matter and 
conditions producing them, and the endurance thereof is 
measured by the endurance of the life force of the things. 

170. The comets in their actions are the wonder of 
all observers. Those of them having their orbits within 
the solar system seem more in accord with the known 
characteristics of the laws of the solar system, by which 
the sun holds the planets in their places, than those comets 
whose journeys or orbits extend far beyond the solar 
system. 

The laws of the sun's force in his system, as dis- 
covered by the observations of Pythagoras, Copernicus, 
Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, are apparently violated by 
these comets in their coming into and going out of the 
solar system. They come into the solar system, seem to 
be received by the sun, by him are sent forth again, be- 
yond his system, and to other suns and other systems. 

This remarkable and puzzling characteristic of the 
sun's application of force, repellant and attractive, to 
these comets, so different from the manner by which the 
sun's force is applied to the planets within his system 
(in that the comets seem subject to other and different in- 



of the Origin of Mankind. 97 

fluences and laws, and not obedient to the laws by which 
the planets are governed), has thus far baffled the intellect 
of man to comprehend or explain. 

It has occurred to me that when a comet goes beyond 
the sun's system, into another system, it falls under the 
influence of the sun of that system, becomes subject to the 
force, attractive and repellant, thereof, and is received and 
returned or sent elsewhere by the force from that sun in 
like manner as it was first received and sent forth by the 
sun that first sent it forth. 

171. It has also occurred to me that the sun himself 
is not an automaton, but a thing of life and intellect, and 
that the apparent discrimination in the application of 
force under the laws in his domain is an intellectual dis- 
crimination by which force, varied by intellectual knowl- 
edge thereof, is applied to the comets in a different degree, 
and for special and intellectual purposes; that the comets 
are messengers of the suns, or mediums of intercourse by 
which they hold intercourse with other bodies in and out 
of their own systems. 

If the sun is not a thing of life, exercising an inherent 
impulse and power intellectual of its own, in harmony 
with the law of its being, then it is a dumb subject of 
force, and exists and acts in obedience thereto, a mere 
automaton, charged with its force from some other source, 
like that which I conceive the sun in itself to be. 

172. That the sun is not such a subject seems evident 
from the fact that the life by which he and his whole 
system, as well as the comets of both classes are controlled, 
is within and of the sun himself; for he seems to be the 
source of the force and life, the intelligence by which all 



98 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

things in his system are governed. Is it not therefore a 
creature of identity in life, of intelligence, and accord- 
ingly the source of all life and all intelligence within his 
system? He seems possessed of the power of supplying 
again the vital force he throws off, and of sustaining his 
vitality against exhaustion or destruction from any quarter. 

173. We are learning more and more of the charac- 
teristics of the sun; that the corona as seen in the total 
eclipse of the sun by the moon is an appendage of the 
sun, and is one of the most interesting subjects that has 
ever engaged the attention of astronomers and scientists. 

Until we know the elements and characteristics of the 
sun, of its corona, its rays of life, and something of the 
intervening elements, we cannot know to what extent the 
process of life expression within our observation are like 
or unlike this process by which the life on this earth is 
produced in the first instance after the catastrophes here- 
inbefore described. It is enough for all that is here 
claimed— to show that the sun is possessed of life-giving 
force and power. 

174. It should be remembered that the earth is mainly 
passive; that its actions are by the direct or indirect force 
of the sun; that it is not so with the sun. He not only 
supplies and perpetuates himself, but he supplies the life 
and force necessary to the maintenance of all his system— 
in this respect we are like the sun in a meager or typical 
way— we have the power of supplying ourselves, of staying 
wastes and maintaining intact our identities, and thus it 
is that we have organs and intellect. These are not char- 
acteristics of the earth; I think they are in a way char- 
acteristics of the sun. 



of the Origin of Mcmkind. 99 

175. If life on this earth was produced by the contact 
of the earth's elements and the sun's elements, does it 
not follow that this life partook of the blended charac- 
teristics of these two classes of elements and in obedience 
to the law that "like begets like"? 

May not the intellect of the creatures of this life have 
come through and by way of the sun? 

Does not the sun's care and control of the planets of 
his system— parts of his system— seem characterized by an 
intelligence working harmoniously with eternal laws? 
And, likewise, do not the actions of the comets under his 
power and control, by an intelligence working in harmony 
with the law of centripetal and centrifugal force appar- 
ently different from the action of the planets, indicate an 
intellectual discrimination in the exercise of the sun's 
power? When we note how he holds the planets steadily 
and constantly in their respective positions around him, 
and how he sends the comets off beyond his own system, 
as his messengers to and from other suns and other sys- 
tems, coming and going, by force attractive and force re- 
pellant, differently applied and apparently for the pur- 
pose of intelligent communication and intercourse, may 
we not conclude that we have found our intellectual 
source, where intelligence is in harmonious action with 
eternal laws and their operations on eternal matter, in a 
much more eminent degree than we find it here upon the 
earth ? 

176. The proposition that all things of identity in 
life are produced by the contact of different elements of 
matter is incontestible ; likewise is the proposition that 
such things partake of the characteristics of the different 



100 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

elements in the contact. Is not the proposition that all 
life on the earth is produced by the contact of the sun's 
elements with the elements of the earth likewise incon- 
testable? 

177. I quote the following from Humboldt's Cosmos, 
Vol. IV, pages 59-60 : 

"The sun considered as the central body— 'the lantern 
of the world' (lucerna mundi) as Copernicus names the sun, 
enthroned in the center is, according to Thereon of Smyrna, 
the all-vivifying, pulsating, heart of the universe, the prim- 
ary source of light and radiating heat and the generator of 
numerous terrestial electro-magnetic processes, and indeed 
of the greater part of the organic vital activity upon our 
planet, more especially that of the vegetable kingdom. 

"In considering the expression of solar force in its 
widest generality, we find that it gives rise to alterations 
on the surface of the earth— partly by gravitative attrac- 
tion—as in the ebb and flow of the ocean, partly by light 
and heat-generating traverse vibrations of ether, as in the 
fructifying admixture of the aerial and equeous envelopes 
of our planet, from the contact of atmosphere with the 
vaporizing fluid element in seas, lakes and rivers. The solar 
action operates, moreover, by differences of heat in exciting 
atmospheric and oceanic currents; it operates in the gener- 
ation and maintenance of the electro-magnetic activity of 
the earth's crust and that of the oxygen contained in the 
atmosphere; at one time calling forth calm and gentle 
forces of chemical attraction, and variously determining 
organic life in the endosmose of cell-walls and in the tissue 
of muscular and nervous fibers; at another time evoking 
light processes in the atmosphere, such as the colored corus- 
cations of the polar light, the thunder and lightning, hurri- 
canes and waterspouts. 

"Our object in endeavoring to compress in one pic- 
ture the influences of solar action, insofar as they are 



of the Origin of Mankind. 101 

independent of the orbit and the position of the axis of 
the globe, has been clearly to demonstrate by an exposition 
of the connection existing between great, and at first sight, 
heterogenous phenomena, how physical nature may be de- 
picted in the History of the Cosmos as a whole moved and 
animated by internal and frequently self-adjusting forces. 
But the waves of light not only exert a decomposing and 
recombining action on the corporeal world — they not only 
call forth the tender germs of plants from the earth, gen- 
erate the green coloring matter (Chlorophyll) within the 
leaf, and give color to the fragrant blossom — they not 
only produce myriads of reflected images of the sun in the 
graceful play of the waves as in the moving grass of the 
fields, but the rays of the celestial light in the varied grad- 
ations of their intensity and duration are also mysteriously 
connected, with the inner life of man, his intellectual sus- 
ceptibilites, and the melancholy or cheerful tone of his 
feelings. ' ' 

178. It has occurred to me that if the several gov- 
ernments of the earth were to establish an international 
congress for astronomers, geologists, chemists and scientists 
generally, and employ their concentrated thought, labor 
and skill continuously, with an ample supply of means 
with which to procure all things with which to facilitate 
the research for the discovery of facts relative to the laws 
of the elements of the sun and the earth, the contacts 
thereof, and of life and death, that facts, means and ways 
would be discovered by which the elements of the earth, 
which seem to give the taint of death and decay to all her 
children, might be counteracted, and thereby the life of 
man prolonged and made to endure for ages. As it now 
is, every creature of earth seems to show in a meager but 
inadequate degree that characteristic of the law by which 



102 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

exhaustion is supplied in the vital force of all creatures, 
and which seems to exist in such an eminent degree in the 
sun. If man could but learn how to avoid or recuperate 
the waste and decay of the vital portions, and thus catch 
the wave of life and miss the wave of death that seems 
to flow from the contacts of the elements of the sun and 
the earth, then his footing would be so permanent that his 
struggle to maintain his existence would be less fitful, 
violent, vain and delusive. And we might then discover 
ways by which the actual necessities of life could be ac- 
quired without struggle. Then money would lose its value 
and power, and mankind would face about and struggle 
to excel in generous and sympathetic acts, and be ruled by 
incentives exactly the opposite of those now dominating 
in the struggle to maintain existence. Then would he 
ascend into a higher plane of life; then might the higher 
virtues supplant the coarser and sordid impulses; and in 
the wisdom thereof he might overcome the necessities that 
exist in the hand-to-hand struggle for the moment of ex- 
istence that he now maintains; then would there be time 
to dispel the ignorance and delusions which now envelope 
him, and eliminate the necessity for selfishness in the 
struggle; time to learn real truth, real virtue and real 
strength; then would the millennium come, the true econ- 
omy of things be understood and practiced, and the earth 
become the home of wisdom, happiness and life, instead of 
the scene of ignorance, delusion, torture and death. 

179. In all that we can see and know of matter 
under the laws thereof, there seems to be enough of order 
and system therein to suggest a Designer, a Divinity, a 
Force Intellectual. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 103 

180. Human automatism has engaged the attention of 
some of the best thinkers, and many curious facts have 
been gathered touching the automaton characteristics of 
insects, animals and man. It will be noted that the earth 
is entirely automaton, entirely void of force (unless it be 
an attribute of the elements which escape from within 
through the rents in the crust of the earth during the 
catastrophes described), yet every living creature she bears 
is more or less charged in some degree with the force in- 
tellectual, as distinguished from mechanical. In man, the 
force intellectual is pre-eminently superior to the same in 
any other creature on earth. From whence comes this 
force? And what are its possibilities? In the force, or 
forces of the sun, there must be a force intellectual, else 
intelligence is an attribute of the unified force of the sun. 
The earth seems passive, with no such force as a part 
thereof. Every organic being on earth is possessed of 
this force intellectual, in some degree, as an attribute of 
its existence, its identity. 

181. It being an incontestible proposition that all 
life on the earth must trace its origin, its source, to the 
contact with the sun's elements with the earth's elements, 
it follows that this force intellectual is from or by way of 
the sun. 

182. It may be said that this force intellectual is 
God in the universe, and that He comes with, and is part 
of the things eternal hereinbefore enumerated, viz. : time, 
space, intelligence, matter and the laws thereof. And this 
is doubtless the truth of it; if not so, whence the source 
of the Force Intellectual, and likewise the God, the 
Designer, in the universe. 



104 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

183. It is already conceded in scientific circles that 
light and electricity are one. The sun is a source of elec- 
tricity. Is the Force Electric any easier of comprehension 
than the Force Intellectual— the spirit within us? 

184. I here present a specimen block of knowledge 
from the Darwinian school, as follows: 

" Professor Haeckel has settled the fact of the missing 
link. He says it will never be found; for the simple 
reason that it does not exist. When Lord Kelvin told 
the world that the earth had attained the respectable age 
of twenty-five million years, the statement was received 
with placid interest; but when Professor Haeckel says, as 
he now does, that science has established the absolute cer- 
tainty that man has descended through varied stages of 
evolution from the lowest form of animal Kfe during a 
period estimated at 1,000,000,000 years, the mind is simply 
paralyzed in the attempt to grasp the idea of practically 
limitless time. Recent discoveries of fossil remains in 
Java, Madagascar and Australia have made still more com- 
plete the evidence, available proof and discoveries, where- 
with the names of Lamarck and scores of other discoverers 
—pre-eminently Darwin— are most commonly associated. 
Professor Haeckel says that the monophylectid origin of 
all mammalia, that is to say, their origin from one com- 
mon parent form, from monotremata upward to man — is 
no longer a vague hypothesis but an established fact. He 
thus defines this progress : All the living and extinct mam- 
malia which we know are descendant from a single com- 
mon ancestral form which lived in the Triassic or Permian 
period, and this form must be derived from some permia 
or perhaps carboniferous reptile allied to the progonosauria 
and Theriodontia which was derived from a carboniferous 
amphibian of the group Stegocephala period. These am- 
phibians, in turn, descend from Devonian fishes, and these 



of the Origin of Mankind. 105 

again from lower vertebrates. The most important fact is 
that man is a primate, and that all primates— lemurs, mon- 
keys, anthropoid apes, and man— descended from one com- 
mon stand. Looking forward to the twentieth century, I 
am convinced it will universally accept our theory of 
descent. When asked if he would not take off from the 
computation of the age of the evolution of man a few 
hundred million years, Professor Haeckel replied that it 
was impossible; the computation was not his; he had taken 
the time from one of the most eminent geologists." 

185. I submit that if there are no fossil remains of 
connecting links (missing links) in the strides of the 
assumed evolution and descent of the species, the proof of 
the descent claimed is entirely wanting. In view of the 
fact that the earth's strata do not contain the fossil re- 
mains of connecting links, it results that there are no 
such links, nor descent. It has always been conceded that 
evidence of this kind was essential to uphold the Darwinian 
conception, and it was claimed that such evidence would 
be found. In every one of the many instances that it has 
been proclaimed that the connecting or missing link had 
been found it was afterward found to be false ; in fact, 
Haeckel now seems to have the courage to stand forth 
alone against the necessity for such proof. 

186. And I further submit that such extravagance 
in the use of time as Haeckel and his geological friend 
indulge in, is enough of itself to condemn them, as well 
as any system requiring such extravagance for its main- 
tenance. 

That the production of anything more extravagant 
than this specimen from the Darwinian workshop would 
require the joint efforts of more than two scientific 



106 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

thinkers. The late Professor Virchow, of Berlin, expressed 
his views on the Darwinian conception as follows: "The 
attempt to find the transition from animal to man has 
ended in total failure. The middle link has not been 
found and will not be found. Man is not descended from 
the ape. It has been proved beyond a doubt that during 
the past five thousand years there has been no noticeable 
change in mankind." 

Professor Huxley, on the same subject, as follows: 
"After much consideration and with assuredly no bias 
against Mr. Darwin's views, it is my clear conviction 
that as the evidence now stands it is not proved that a 
group of animals having all the characteristics exhibited 
by species in nature, ever has been originated by selection, 
whether artificial or natural." 

St. George Mivart, late Professor of Biology in Uni- 
versity College, Kensington, expressed himself on the sub- 
ject as follows: "With regard to the conception as put 
forth by Mr. Darwin, I cannot truly characterize it, except 
by an epithet I employ with great reluctance. I weigh 
my words and have present to my mind the many dis- 
tinguished naturalists who have accepted the notion, and 
yet I cannot call it anything but a puerile hypothesis." 

187. It is folly, I think, to talk about the age of 
the earth , because the materials thereof have existed 
throughout all past time. In the original formation of 
the earth, when the solids separated from the fluids, the 
earth was entirely enveloped in water; some time there- 
after the dry land feature began, together with an order 
of life on the earth, as evidenced by the fossil remains 
thereof. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 107 

Thereafter followed the several geological periods, 
with the orders of life peculiar thereto. I contend that 
the life peculiar to each of these periods did not descend 
from the life of the previous period, but were in each and 
all of the several periods original creations. Certainly 
the order of life in the first period did not descend from 
any previous period, and certainly was an original gener- 
ation or creation. 

The creative or generative forces are always present 
and produce according to the conditions present. The 
assumption that it takes these forces one billion years of 
time to produce any of the species on the earth is, I think, 
beyond the range of reasonable thought and expression. 

188. The trees of the forest of this continent are 
here, not by any intercourse with the trees of any other 
continent on the earth, nor are the trees of the forest of 
any other continent on the earth there by any intercourse 
with the trees of this continent, but they were in their be- 
ginning distinct, without relation to each other, except 
that they were similar and evidently the product of ma- 
terials and forces much the same. 

This is likewise true of the original insects, the ani- 
mals and people of the several continents; they were there 
in their beginning, indigenous to the vaporized elements 
there. Indigenous to the soil, so to speak, they were pro- 
duced in their respective continents as the result of the 
contact of the elements and forces not of the earth with 
those of the earth. None of the continents of the earth 
were barren of the materials to such result. They were 
all susceptible and exposed to such contact and were thus 



108 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

fruitful of the things they exhibit at present, and in the 
same they borrowed not from each other. 

That their fruits are similar, is accounted for in that 
the forces, laws, material and intellect which thus con- 
tributed to their being, though exotic or foreign to the 
earth, were the same. They are similar and of kin in that 
they are by the hand of the same Creator, of and by the 
eternal laws dominating matter. 

189. Man seems to be an organic creature of some- 
thing earth-like, unified and identified with intellect, and 
that intellect seems to be of a quality exotic, and the two 
seem to be in harmonious union ; but, like the waves of the 
ocean, the intellect ever beats and breaks against the 
shores that confine it. 

190. Is not our ideal the counterpart of our real, the 
buoyant promise of something better than the real of 
earth, and is it not so in the economy of things in order 
to make the existence of our sensitive intellect while in 
the flesh endurable and enjoyable? There being no such 
quality in the instinct of the animals nor any other 
creature of the earth save man, it follows that it is peculiar 
to man and doubtless to all those above his rank. 

191. The caterpillar dies the death of an ugly crawl- 
ing worm of the earth, but lives again in another element 
and sphere — a beautiful winged creature. Yet the cater- 
pillar worm had its identity and being from an egg laid 
by a winged creature. 

192. The Darwinian conception is out of accord with 
this as well as every other expression of the laws of the 
universe, as I read them. The Darwinians, like the build- 
ers of that tower on the plains of Shinar, are now in a 



of the Origin of Mankind. 109 

confusion of tongues in the vain effort to span the infinite. 
That the conception is erroneous seems evident from 
the countless pages of meaningless words which they have 
piled up in the effort to verify the accuracy of it. 

193. The cliff dwellers, the ruins of whose dwelling 
places are now found in Arizona and in New Mexico, are 
of the same people, I think, as the mound builders, the 
ruins of whose dwelling places are now found in Ohio and 
elsewhere in the Mississippi valley; the apparent differ- 
ence in the effect of time upon the two is largely accounted 
for in the difference in the elements present and operating 
in the respective localities, the one being high and dry, 
the other being comparatively low and wet; besides, the 
cliffs may have been their later and last place of retreat. 

194. I believe, with the great Cuvier, that the age 
of the present geological period is probably from five to 
ten thousand years, that is to say, it is from five to ten 
thousand years since the last cataclysm— the last glacier, 
the last extraordinary creation, so because there is nothing 
in the record made by the creatures of the earth nor by 
the catastrophe that does not accord with this view, while 
the evidence in support of it is, I think, conclusive. 

195. I believe the cliff dwellers and the mound build- 
ers were of the original creation on this continent follow- 
ing the last cataclysm, and that portion thereof then gen- 
erated dwelt here until exterminated by the more powerful 
peoples on the north and south of them. So because of 
the evidence present and of the law of infinite variety in 
all the expressions of the laws of nature, and the fact of 
the variety of mankind as created on the other parts of 
the earth. 



110 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

196. It will be observed that in North America— a 
portion of the earth much favored by the force of nature 
in many respects— that the people dwelling there had not 
until recently made any considerable advancement in the 
arts or in making lasting monuments of any kind on the 
earth. Nothing save the mounds and the excavations and 
works in the cliffs; while in Africa and Asia there are 
many very ancient and lasting and wonderful monuments 
to mark the doings of the dwellers of that portion of the 
earth— while the Americas, being peopled by vigorous 
races of mankind with natural endowments, were tardy 
and far behind their brethren of Asia and Africa and 
Europe as well. 

This, I think, is accounted for in the fact that in 
Africa and Asia they had the elephant and camel, and 
in Europe the horse, as beasts of burden to aid them, 
while in the Americas there was no animal to assist man- 
kind in this respect. Even the horse was not here to aid 
mankind until the Spanish conquests in North and South 
America. So that the original mankind on this side of the 
earth were without any animals of strength to assist them. 
So it is that the mound and cliff dwellings constitute the 
lasting monuments of the races in North America. 

197. Yet along with this startling fact we have 
another no less remarkable, and that is the fact that in 
the period preceding this period, that is to say prior to 
the last catastrophe, we had here in North America, in 
Georgia, in Kentucky, and elsewhere, not only the ele- 
phant but other large and powerful animals, evidenced 
by the remains thereof now found in these and other local- 



of the Origin of Mankind. Ill 

ities. Not one of these, however, has any descendant here 
now, nor had any after the glacial period. 

The evidence being conclusive that on this side of the 
earth the catastrophe— the glacial— constitutes a hiatus 
between the order of life here before the glacial and the 
order of life here after the glacial, and that the subse- 
quent order of life was an independent and original 
creation. 

198. Doubtless there was design in leaving this side 
of the earth bereft of beasts of burden in the new creation 
wherein man first appeared on earth, so that this side of 
the earth might remain to a later and better day for the 
operations of the races of mankind. 

Man was not present in the previous creations, prob- 
ably because the earth was not yet conditioned for his 
presence. The oil of the earth had not yet forced its way 
to the surface. The coal and gas of the earth and the 
precious metals had not yet been fully prepared for his 
operations, and not until the permanent ice storage now 
at the poles of the earth to modify and condition the 
climes of the earth and to produce the present air and 
water currents for land and ocean was the earth properly 
conditioned for man's presence. 

199. The faculties, the passions, the sexual organs, 
all are characteristics of the creatures of life on this earth, 
and have been, since the original creation thereof; that 
the bee, the ant, the spider, the rattlesnake, the leopard, 
the elephant, the whale, and mankind now on the earth 
were so equipped and conditioned in the original creation 
of them all as a result of the last cataclysm, and in and 
by due process of law, I have no doubt. 



112 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

200. The All-comprehensive Intelligence of the uni- 
verse, whether called God or by any other name, it would 
seem, must be seated similar to our own intelligence, in 
some head or place, and exercised through and by the mat- 
ter of its seat and environment, and so it was that it was 
a participant in the creation of the creatures of earth, and 
thus it is that mankind is a creature by design and of 
exalted characteristics, unlimited and G'od-like in his pos- 
sibilities, but obscure and meager in comparison by reason 
of his remote connection. 

201. These I take to be established facts: First— 
That there is abiding somewhere in the universe, beyond 
the earth and mankind, an Intelligence far superior to 
that possessed by mankind. 

Second— That man is a creature here whose origin 
does not rest solely upon the elements and forces of the 
earth; his body, his intelligence, his organs, his sex, his 
passions— all are evidences of the fact that forces beyond 
the earth were participants in his coming here. 

Third— That in the creation of mankind, and the 
subordinate creatures of the earth, that superior Intelli- 
gence was not absent, but was present, an active partici- 
pant therein. 

202. The face of the earth is about three-fourths 
ocean and one-fourth land. The larger inhabitants of the 
ocean are in about the same proportion larger than those 
of the land, and presumably the thing holds good as to 
the smaller things of life, in their minimum size. In 
stellar space the things of life there, it would seem, would 
likewise be proportionately large and small. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 113 

203. The universe is unlimited in space, filled with 
matter— the elements of life— living things— and Intelli- 
gence. That is to say, identified things of life and intelli- 
gence abound throughout the universe, in their respective 
spheres, with life and intelligence commensurate therewith. 

204. I submit the following as being a correct state- 
ment about the animalcule, as far as it goes, and in lan- 
guage plain : 

"Many microscopic animals you can find— if you know 
where to look and have some scientific friend to help you 
catch them— in small pools, ditches, and various damp 
places. 

"But because you find microscopic animals, even in 
large numbers in stagnant water, you must not believe that 
'all water is full of little animals,' as we sometimes hear 
stated very incorrectly by people that do not know. The 
scientific man takes a drop of water in which some plants 
have decayed and shows by the aid of a powerful micro- 
scope, many swimming and wriggling forms; he some- 
times omits to explain that this is not ordinary drinking 
water, hence a wrong idea of microscopic life in water is 
often held by those who have not studied nature's won- 
derful homes. 

"Among the most wonderful of these tiny animals in 
water is the amoeba, that looks when at rest like a tiny 
flake of jelly. When the amoeba starts to walk it can 
thrust out leg-like extensions from various portions of this 
jelly mass and use those that point in the direction it 
wishes to go. 

"These extensions of the little amoeba and of other 
members of the family have somewhat the appearance of 
the tiny roots of plants ; hence the little animals are called 
'root-footed.' 

"The little amoeba can eat a plant much larger than 



114 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

itself in a method somewhat similar to that of a starfish 
eating an oyster, by merely surrounding it. 

"Scientists claim that the amoeba never dies— except, 
of course, when destroyed by accident or eaten by some 
larger animal. When the amoeba becomes above the or- 
dinary size it extends itself out somewhat in the shape of 
a dumb-bell. A little later the two globe-like ends are 
entirely separated, when each portion swims away as a 
complete little animal. 

"But the amoeba is only one of the large number of 
these strange root-footed animals. Many of these others 
live in the ocean, while others live in fresh water, or even 
in damp places on land. In fact, they occur almost any- 
where that is not too dry and the water is clean. We 
can find them on the bark of trees, on the dripping rocks 
near waterfalls, in the ooze at the bottom of ponds and 
ditches, in the slime on submerged objects, on the under 
side of floating leaves, and in the water which we squeeze 
out of bog moss. And many live in shells, which, like the 
shells of clams and snails, are formed from the creature's 
own body, or are built up of sand grains and the hard 
parts of other minute animals and plants. Some of these 
little fellows are green, some are red or brown, some are 
nearly black and some almost as clear as glass. They are 
often shaped like an egg, or a helmet, or an Indian pot, 
and have a single opening at the bottom of the shell. 
Through this opening the animal thrusts out its legs and 
with them crawls along and seizes its food. 

"Instead of blunt, irregular, 'make-believe' feet, some 
have straight, slender rays, two or three times as long as 
the body. One of these is the sun-animalcule, common 
among floating plants, in standing water. It is so named 
because, with the round body and projecting rays, it looks 
for all the world like the picture of the sun in old prints. 
When some similar creature touches these rays, it seems 
to become paralyzed, and is drawn down the surface of 



of the Origin of Mankind. 115 

the body to where a sort of lump rises up and swallows 
it. If the prey is too big for one ray to manage, half a 
dozen will surround it, becoming more or less fused to- 
gether, while the lump which rises up to engulf the morsel 
is half as large as the animalcule itself. 

"The sun animalcule floats and moves onward in a 
mysterious and unknown way; while some others do not 
move about except when they are very young, but stand 
on long stalks and have a sort of lattice-work shell, the 
rays streaming out through the holes. As many as forty 
individuals of still another kind will tie themselves together 
by long bands, so that, being bright green, they look much 
more like some minute water-plant than like a colony of 
animals. 

"These are only a few of some hundreds of different 
kinds, many of which are likely to turn up unexpectedly 
almost anywhere. Indeed, one of the charms of studying 
these rhizopods (which is simply Greek for root-footers) 
is that one can never tell what queer things he will find 
next." 

205. In connection with the foregoing, I add the 
following facts: 

First— That there is no evolvement in the animalcule 
world, notwithstanding the long life of the individuals 
thereof; they all remain steadfast in the grooves in which 
they are first cast. 

Second— That they are original creations which con- 
stantly proceed under the ordinary conditions of sun heat 
and moisture now present. 

206. When we behold the heavens through the tele- 
scope or by the naked eye and contemplate the magni- 
tude and grandeur thereof, the presence there of an Ex- 
alted Intelligence— Divinity— God— if you please, is irre- 
sistibly impressed upon us. 



116 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

207. This Intelligence, or God in the universe, in the 
nature of things and by all the types we see, is com- 
mensurate with that grandeur and magnitude; nor is it 
a creature of and to itself standing separate and apart 
from the material things of the universe — that is to say, 
not of the universe, but outside of it or over and above it; 
such Intelligence or Divinity is manifestly in and of the 
universe, in some way and to some extent; this Intelli- 
gence permeates the material of the universe as the in- 
telligence of the creatures of the earth permeate the ma- 
terial of such creatures. 

These self-evident facts force us to the conclusion 
that there are seats of Intelligence or Divine force and 
power throughout the universe. 

208. The fact that the suns of the universe are of 
the seats of this Intelligence of Divinity is conclusively 
forced upon us because all facts are against such seats 
being anywhere else. When we concede that there is an 
Intelligence beyond our earth higher and grander than 
the intelligence of man, it is impossible for us to locate 
it elsewhere than in the suns of the universe. 

209. The microbes in their lair, the animalcule in 
their world, the ants in their hill, the spider in his web, 
the bee in his hive, man on the earth, our solar system in 
the heavens are, each and all, I think, creatures of life, 
instinct and intelligence. When we open the mind to a 
contemplation of the universe, that which fills and occu- 
pies illimitable space, that great throng of individuals 
therein and thereof constituting the milky way is, in a 
sense, a multitude, like the microbe in his element, and 
man on the earth in his sphere. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 117 

210. Swarms and throngs of living creatures popu- 
late the earth, and likewise populate the heavens. 

A sun system, with its planets, comets, asteroids, etc., 
I take to be an organized inhabitant of its peculiar region 
in the universe, and the sun is the head of this organic 
individual in space, and the seat of Intelligence by which 
it acts, as much so as is the head of man the seat of his 
intelligence— the one is typical of the other. 

211. The proposition that intelligence is absent 
everywhere in our solar system except in the heads of the 
creatures of life on this earth, cannot be accepted by any 
mind capable of any range of thought. 

Likewise is the proposition equally unacceptable that 
Intelligence or Divinity abides in some region or space 
separate from any material or organic system. 

According to the types seen here on earth, it appears 
that the intelligence of the universe, being commensurate 
with the affairs of the universe, must have its heads and 
seats therein. 

212. I have read, with much interest, Dr. Nansen's 
account of his polar expedition. Many very interesting 
facts are given in his diary, kept of his daily experi- 
ences and discoveries on that expedition, and as stated by 
him, he turned them over to the scientists for their study 
in the interests of science; however, I have never seen 
any account thereof from that quarter. 

That which he notes of the perspiration of himself 
and Johansen during midwinter, when they were near the 
pole, goes far in supporting the proposition that at the 
pole the atmosphere is warm and the country open and 
clear of ice; likewise to the same effect are the facts 



118 A Refutation of the Darwinian Conception 

shown touching the presence of bears and foxes on the 
sea ice in that region, together with the presence of whales 
and other sea animals at every break in the ice there. 

Most wonderful and interesting of all, however, are 
his descriptions of the aurora borealis, or polar lights, 
during the months of the long winter nights there. It is 
believed and accordingly stated by scientists that these 
lights are electrical and magnetic; that they are the same 
at both poles during the absence of the sun from the 
respective poles, and that these lights display their daz- 
zling splendor high in the heavens as well as low down, 
near to and upon the surface. 

213. It has occurred to me that in the economy of 
things these polar lights constitute a substitute sun for 
the polar regions, to serve a purpose there during the long 
nights, in the absence of the sun there. 

From the shifting of the needle of the compass under 
the influence of the magnetic pole, it is believed and stated 
by some scientists that there are two magnetic poles, at the 
north as well as at the south, in addition to the real pole. 

214. The scientific people have declared against the 
proposition of a warm or open country at the poles, and 
proceed upon the assumption of an ice cap crowning each 
pole. If such be the fact, then whence comes the unre- 
strainable and dominating force that impels men to hazard 
all in their efforts to reach the pole 1 ? What was it that 
impelled Andre to sail for that point in his balloon, as well 
as the many others of the various polar explorers? 

It is devoutly to be wished that the Peary expedition 
now in preparation may succeed in reaching the pole, and 
in unfolding the mysteries of that region. 



of the Origin of Mankind. 119 

215. I believe there is something of interest and value 
to the human race to be found at the poles. 

It may be gold, and in such abundance that the 
nations of the earth may haul it down, coin it into money 
and pay off their bonds therewith, then enact universal 
prohibition against the payment of interest on debts and 
loans of all kinds. 

The far-reaching advance toward the millennium 
state which would result from these two steps is beyond 
calculation in extent. 

The distortions of extreme wealth and extreme pov- i 
erty would thereby cease, and the victims of both extremes 
would likewise be relieved of their wretchedness. Then 
would our smiles and tears be of love and sympathy and 
the spirit that abides within us would be likewise quick- 
ened with a richer hope of immortality. 

Trusting that I have set down enough in the fore- 
going paragraphs to show in a measure what I conceive 
to be a true view touching man's presence on earth, as 
well as the presence of the other things of life, I submit 
the same to any and all comers and critics in the full 
faith that it will in the main stand the test of time and 
advanced thought on the subject; and I venture the pre- 
diction that in the not distant future the Darwinian con- 
ception will cease to hold a place in scientific thought 
and expression. 



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